IX. Complete the following sentences using variants (a) or (b).

1. Very heavy graders are used when

1. small volumes of soil have to be handled

2. large volumes of soil have to be handled

2. In winter-time power graders are used

1. to clean roads of compacted snow

2. to remove snow from motor-roads

3. Towed graders have

1. no engine and transmission of their own

2. an engine and transmission of their own

4. Power graders are used for

a) slice by slice cutting of soil

1. excavating side ditches

X. Insert the verbs in the proper form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The blade … at various angles both horizontally and vertically or brought out sideways.

2. Self-powered graders … for laying earth beds.

3. Towed graders … the same functions as self-powered machines.

4. Towed graders … by crawler tractors.

5. Light power graders … to maintain and carry out repair jobs on roads.

6. Towed graders … no great possibilities and … now.

7. Power graders … by weight.

XI. Fill in the necessary prepositions. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Power graders are classified … the design … running gears.

2. Power and towed graders are used … different kinds … work … roads.

3.The basic operating members … a grader is a blade and a scarifier.

4. Towed graders have no transmission … their own and are driven … crawler tractor.

5. Medium graders are used to lay earth beds … small elevations and … repair jobs

6. … winter-time power graders are used to clean roads … compacted snow.

XII. Make up questions according to the models using the words given below.

Models: 1.What kind of machine is a power grader?

a bulldozer

a scraper

an elevating grader

a towed grader

2.What are power graders used for ?

medium graders

heavy graders

light graders

bulldozers

XIII. Ask questions on the underlined words.

1. Power graders are used for laying earth beds.

2. In winter-time power graders are used to clean roads.

3.The blade of a power grader can be set at various angles both horizontally and vertically.

4. The basic operating members of a grader is a blade and a scarifier.

5. Medium graders are used to lay earth beds at small elevations.

XIV. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements.

1. As far as I remember a power grader is a highly manoeuvrable machine.

2. It is proved that towed graders are more manoeuvrable than power graders.

3. As far as I remember there are power graders with mechanical and hydraulic control.

4. It is said that towed graders are being developed now.

5. In my opinion medium graders are used to lay earth beds at zero elevation.

6. Heavy graders are used when large volumes of soil have to be handled.

7. In winter- time scrapers are used to remove snow from municipal squares.

8. Scrapers should not be used in soil containing large stones.

XV. Answer the following questions using some of the introductory phrases.

1. What is the text about ?

2. What are power graders used for ?

3. What are power graders used for in winter-time ?

4. What kind of machine is a power grader ?

5. What are the basic operating members of a grader ?

6. What do you know about towed graders ?

7. How can power graders be classified ?

8. What are light power graders employed for ?

9. What are medium graders used for ?

10.What are heavy and very heavy graders employed for ?

XVI. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Прицепные грейдеры значительно уступают автогрейдерам в маневренности и производительности.

2. Прицепные грейдеры не являются перспективными и не разрабатываются.

3. Легкие грейдеры используют для содержания и мелкого ремонта дорог.

4. Средние грейдеры используют при небольших отметках насыпи для среднего режима работ.

5. Тяжелые грейдеры следует использовать при наличии больших объемов работ и в тяжелых грунтовых условиях.

6.Отвал автогрейдера может устанавливаться под различными углами как горизонтально, так и вертикально.

XVII. Read and retell the following text using the introductory phrases.

Graders

There are different types of graders. They are widely used in road construction. They can excavate ditches, shape the surfaces and sides of fills, etc. More manoeuvrable grader is a power grader. It consists of a blade and a scarifier. The grader can be used when required with all kinds of changeable pendant equipment such as conveyors, snow ploughs, etc. There are light hydraulically controlled power graders. They have a 65-horse power engine. But medium-power graders have a 100-horse power engine.

Now a new and a powerful grader is being produced. It is powered by a diesel engine. Power is transmitted through a constant mesh transmission to the four wheel tandem drive. The driving axle which is centered between the wheels allows each of the four wheels to easily follow ground irregularities (неровности) and pass over obstructions. This grader has the usual standard features: leaning (наклонный) front wheel which is hydraulically operated and manual steering (ручное управление) with hydraulic boost (усилитель).

XVIII. Learn the following dialogue.

Situation: You are preparing for the English examination and want to discuss the theme “Power graders” with your friend.

A. Would you kindly tell me just a few words about power graders ?

B. With pleasure. They are highly manoeuvrable machines.

A. And what are they used for, I wonder?

B. They are used in road construction to excavate side ditches, shape surfaces and give them the required gradient.

A. I see, thank you. And can power graders be used in winter-time ?

B. Oh, yes, they are employed to clean roads of compacted snow.

A. Thank you.

B. You are welcome.

Урок 10 lesson ten

Фонетика: Повторение чтения буквосочетаний «AU», «AW», «AL» и «OUS»

в конце слов.

Грамматика: Способы перевода слова «MOST». Gerund (Повторение).

Тема: Вращающиеся одноковшовые экскаваторы. Revolving Shovels.

I. Read the following words.

[L] – auxiliary, automatic, automobile, hydraulic, exhaust, raw, drawn, small, walking, alternative, all, always, also, already.

[qs] – serious, various, dangerous, continuous, previous.

II. Learn the following words.

1. Revolving shovel[ri`vOlviN`SAvl] –вращающийся одноковшовый экскаватор

2. Ditcher [diCq] n – канавокопатель, траншейный экскаватор

3. Baring operation [`bFqriNOpq`reiSn] – работа по вскрытию пласта

4. Attachment [q`txCmqnt] n – рабочее оборудование

5. Alternative [Ll`tWnqtiv] a – сменный, переменный

6. Stripping shovel [st`ripiN`SAvl] – вскрышной экскаватор

7. Capping [`kxpiN] n – пустая порода

8. Open-cast mining [`Pupn`kRst`mainiN] –открытая горная разработка

9. Whereas [`wFqrqz] prep – тогда как

10. Walking dragline [`wLkiN `drxglain]-драглайн с шагающим ходом

11. Face shovel [`feisSAvl] – прямая лопата экскаватора

12. Drag shovel [`drxgSAvl]- обратная лопата экскаватора

13. Clamshell [`klxmSel] n – грейфер

14. Pile driver [`pail`draivq] – копер для забивки свай

15. Rig [rig] n – устройство

16. Extract [iks`trxkt] v – извлекать

17. Raw materials [`rLmq`tiqriqlz] – минеральное сырье

18. Pile [pail] n – куча, груда

19. External supply [iks`tWnl sqp`lai] – внешний источник

20. Widespread [`waispred] adv -широко распространенный

21.Degree of universality[di`grJ qv,jHnivq`sxliti]n– степень универсальности

Ш. Find the equivalents to the following English terms.

1. Ditcher a) степень универсальности

2. Stripping shovel b) драглайн с шагающим ходом

3. Capping c) копер для забивки свай

4. Open-cast mining d) канавокопатель

5. Walking dragline e) пустая порода

6. Pile driver f) вскрышной экскаватор

7. Degree of universality g) открытая горная разработка

IV. Find the equivalents to the following Russian terms.

1. Работа по вскрытию пласта a) alternative attachment

2. Внешний источник b) clamshell

3. Грейфер d) baring operation

4. Электрическая сеть e) bucket capacity

5. Емкость ковша f) mains

6. Сменное рабочее оборудование g) external supply

V. Learn the information about the word “most”.

Помните, что:

1. Most + прилагательное или наречие переводится как «очень, крайне».

Например: Bulldozers are most widely used in laying a roadbed.

Бульдозеры очень широко используются для прокладывания дорожного полотна.

2. Most +существительное переводится как «большинство».

Например: Most building shovels are powered by diesel engines.

Большинство строительных экскаваторов работают от дизельных двигателей.

3. The most + прилагательное переводится как «самый, наиболее».

Например: Face shovels, drag shovels and draglines are the most widespread kinds of replaceable equipment.

Прямые лопаты, обратные лопаты и драглайны – самые распространенные виды сменного рабочего оборудования.

4. Most commonly переводится как «чаще всего».

Например: Most commonly shovels carry a face shovel , dragline or a crane.

Чаще всего экскаваторы оборудуют прямой лопатой, драглайном или краном.