14. Galkovskiy, D. (n.d.) Beskonechnyy tupik [Endless deadlock]. [Online] Available from: http://e-lib.info/book.php?id=1120000854&p=83
15. Kissinger, H. (1997) Diplomatiya [Diplomacy]. Translated from English by V.V. Lvov. Moscow: Ladomir.
16. Aleksandrov, M. (1995) Vneshnepoliticheskaya doktrina Stalina [Stalin's foreign policy doctrine]. Canberra: Australian National University.
17. Dyakov, Yu. & Bushueva, T. (1992) Fashistskiy mech kovalsya v SSSR. Krasnaya Armiya i reykhsver. Taynoe sotrudnichestvo. 1922--1933 [The Fascist sword was forged in the USSR. Red Army and Reichswehr. Secret collaboration in 1922-1933]. Unknown documents. Moscow: [s.n.].
18. Khafizov, R. (2011) Kak Stalin Gitlera “obul" [How Stalin conned Hitler]. [Online] Available from: http://gidepark.ru/user/564682653/article/394304.
19. Korrespondent.net. (2013) Pressa Britanii: Rossiya -- khoroshiy sopernik, plokhoy lider [British Press: Russia is a good contender, a bad leader].[Online] Available from: https://korrespondent.net/world/1599910-pressa-britanii-rossiya-horoshij-sopernik-plohoj-lider.
20. Friedman, G. (2009) Rossiyskaya ekonomika i rossiyskaya moshch' (“Stratfor", SSHA, 27 iyulya 2009) [Russian economy and Russian power (“Strat- for”, USA, July 27, 2009.)]. [Online] Available from: http://fomm.glavred.info/viewtopic.php?t=9050&sid=a52da936n47d0763607d8f5e4fd7315.
21. Ilinskiy, I. (2015) Pravda o “tsene Pobedy" [The truth about the “price of Victory”]. [Online] Available from: http://lgz.ru/article/-18-6508-6-05- 2015/pravda-o-tsene-pobedy/
22. Skorobogatyy, P. (2015) Istoricheskiy dolg Germanii ne oplachen [The historical debt of Germany is not paid]. [Online] Available from: http ://expert.ru/expert/2015/20/istoricheskij -dolg-germanii-ne-oplachen/.
23. Bisengaliev, M. (2011) Pochemu Amerika sponsirovala nashu stranu? [Why did America sponsor our country?]. [Online] Available from: http://www.ptrg.ru/science/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83:2011-06-30-13-50-51&catid=19:2011-05-11-08-21- 57&Itemid=39.
24. Krechetnikov, A. (2007) Trofeynaya Germaniya [The Trophy Germany]. [Online] Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/ newsid_6634000/6634155.stm
25. Shuman, E. (n.d.) Nemetskie reparatsii i sovetskaya ekonomika: tsifry, fakty, lyudi [German reparations and the Soviet economy: numbers, facts, people]. [Online] Available from: http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,640521,00.html?maca=rus-rss_rus_yandex_new_comments_2-4163-xml.
26. Germanych. (2011) Esli by ne bylo voyny [If there was no war]. [Online] Available from: http://www.rosbalt.ru/blogs/2011/02/15/819325.html.
27. Chertok, B.E. (1999) Rakety i lyudi (v 4-kh tt.) [Rockets and humans (in 4 vols)]. [Online] Available from: http://militera.lib.ru/explo/chertok_be/index.html.
28. Severny, S. (2015) Neizvestnye ottsy sovetskogo atoma [Unknown fathers of the Soviet atom]. [Online] Available from: http://www.sdelanounas.ru/blogs/62551/.
29. Lunev. (n.d.) Polkovnik na raspyatie [Colonel on a crucifix]. [Online] Available from: http://inoforum.ru/forum/index.php?showtopic=66054.
30. Doronin, A. (n.d.) Biznes-razvedka [Business intelligence]. [Online] Available from: http://www.gramotey.com/?open_file=1269029460
31. Malenkiy, A. (2018) Rossiya posle SSSR: umeret' radi “Evropy” ili ne umeret'? [Russia after the USSR: to die for the sake of “Europe” or not to die?]. [Online] Available from: http://www.iarex.ru/articles/55061.html.
32. Stremidlovskiy, S. (2018)Mogut li Rossiya i Germaniya byt' vmeste v “ekonomicheskoy voyne”protiv SSHA? [Can Russia and Germany be together in an “economic war” against the USA?]. [Online] Available from: https://regnum.ru/news/polit/2504449.html.
33. Anon. (2018) Novyyplan: chto Ukraina trebuetza “Severnyypotok--2” [New plan: what Ukraine is demanding for Nord Stream 2]. [Online] Available from: https://www.gazeta.ru/business/2018/! 1/04/12046561.shtml?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop.
34. Morgen, F. (n.d.) Rossiyskiy aviaprom [Russian aviation industry]. [Online] Available from: http://www.glavgazeta.com/ru/node/1878.
35. Panichev, N.A. (2011) Era boltunov. Vlast' sama razrushaet svoe budushchee -- otechestvennoe stankostroenie [The era of talkers. The government itself destroys its future - Russian machine tool industry]. [Online] Available from: http://www.argumenti.ru/society/n303/121611.
36. Dergachev, V. & Vinokurov, A. (2015) Luchshe dnem pozzhe, chem nikogda [Better one day later than never]. [Online] Available from: http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2015/05/10_a_6681877.shtml.
37. Kamenskiy, A. (n.d.) Kak Germaniya traktuet prichiny i sledstviya 2-y Mirovoy [How Germany interprets the causes and consequences of WWII]. [Online] Available from: http://centero.ru/opinions/kak-germaniya-traktuet-prichiny-i-sledstviya-vtoroj-mirovoj-vojny.
38. Butkevich, V. (2018) Eks-glava Germanii raskritikoval SSHA: “S nami obkhodyatsya kak s okkupirovannoy stranoy” [The former head of Germany criticized the United States: “They treat us as if it were an occupied country”]. [Online] Available from: https://politros.com/132298-eks-glava- germanii-raskritikoval-ssha-s-nami-obkhodyatsya-kak-s-okkupirovannoi-stranoi.
30. Degoev, V. (2001) Rossiya i Bismark [Russia and Bismarck]. [Online] Available from: http://magazines.russ.ru/zvezda/2001/7/degoev.html.
40. Surikov, K. (2018) Rossiya mozhet pobedit' Zapad bez oruzhiya, odnoy tol'ko pravdoy, schitayut v Germanii [Russia can defeat the West without weapons, alone with truth, as Germany believes]. [Online] Available from: https://tehnowar.ru/87100-rossija-mozhet-pobedit-zapad-bez-oruzhija- odnoj-tolko-pravdoj-schitajut-v-germanii.html.
Аннотация
Российско-германские отношения в контексте отношений России с Западом. Ю.Л. Говоров
Рассматривается проблема российско-германских отношений в контексте отношений России с Западом. Выделены основные этапы и выявлена специфика российско-германского взаимодействия в международных отношениях нового-новейшего времени. Поскольку по ряду причин Россия и Германия в указанный период стали проблемной частью Европы, отношения между ними и отношение к ним в других европейских странах всегда колеблются от весьма положительных до крайне отрицательных. В торгово-экономической и особенно в технологической сфере наши страны объективно комплементарны друг другу. Однако в международно-политической сфере отношения двух стран детерминируются и деформируются под воздействием англосаксонского мира.
Ключевые слова: Россия; Германия; российско-германские отношения; вестернизация; европеизация; индустриализация; технологии.
Abstract
Russo-German relations in the shadow of relations between Russia and the West. Govorov Yury L. Kemerovo State University (Kemerovo, Russia).
The article deals with the problem of Russo-German relations in the shadow of relations between Russia and the West. All its history Russia participated to European policy. Russian society and public opinion are traditionally disrupted on the question of our connections with the West, but the main trend of the development of Russia over the latest three centuries is directed on westernization and europeanization. Among other things Russia was always especially interested in the western technologies. But the West manifested kind attitude toward Russia only when it became weak.
Germany always played overriding role in the process of interaction between_Russia and Europe.
The influence of German culture on Russia let it the great opportunity to discipline society and organize production environment in the country of specific mentality. It was great advantage for Russia to have 2% German people inside the populations of Empire. Germany became the sample copy and baseline for technological and administrative spheres. It was great advantage for Russia to use labor services of German professional staff members, invited to Russia - they played the role of very important element of its development.
Germany was too late for division of the world and sought to world repartition. One of the characteristical features of the German people - attempts to solve its internal problems at the expense of the whole world. One of the characteristical features of the Russian people is propensity to solve world problems at its own expense. As the result, mighty Germany and gigantic Russia were destined for conflict in the centre of the not great continent.
As the result of the First World War in both countries affirmed totalitarian regimes with mobilization methods. Germany traditionally directed power of the state out of the country, USSR - at the purposes of internal modernization. Naturally, “the Western democracies” tried to bring up one totalitarian regime against the other. It is known from history, that the third countries always make profit on Russian-German hostilities. As the result of the Second World War totalitarian regime in Germany was reversed, but in the USSR it was preserved with the trend to gradual meltdown and the crash of the Power.
The victory-45 over Germany put an antinomical imprint on the further development of the USSR. From the one side, our country became able to use a chance to refresh technological level of soviet economy and create sunrise industries at the expense of war reparations equipment. But from the other side, by the same way the Soviet economy took to the needle of obsolescent pre-war German machinery and fell into a trap of technological dependence and qualitative underachievement.
Thanks to the victory in the WW2 the Soviet Union became one the centre of the world power.
But the Soviet attempt to be the leader of the less developed countries against advanced democracies of the West was foredoomed to failure, because it was too cash-consuming project. The internal development of the USSR had become hostage to its empire aspirations and one of the main reasons of its disintegration.
The role of Germany in post-war world had also fundamentally changed. From the one side, Germany had fell in political Europeanization, from the other side we can see economic Germanization as the result and ration part of European consolidation. It is very important for Russo-Western relations, because German policy toward USSR-RF in post-war years traditionally based on more pragmatic approach.
It is possible to mark, from the RF side, three important premises of co-operation between our countries: Moscow has never exploited the head-note about historical guilt and laid the blame of the WW2 on contemporary Germany; it is important, that 30 years ago Germany received opportunity of reunification at the initiative of the USSR; our countries complement each other at the trade, economical and, especially, technological spheres. Unfortunately, Russo-German political relations at odd times distort into enmity towards each other under the pressure of Anglo-Saxon world on Germany. The Crimean events striped all degree of German lack of independence toward RF.
As we knew about it from history, Germany was the main enemy of Russia at both World Wars. Russia would be under the threat, while Germany (and the EU as the future new centre of the world power) resolve to pursue own national interests without reference to the USA.
Keywords: Russia; Germany; Russo-German relations; westernization; industrialisation; technologies.