Contraindications: allergies, liver, kidney, blood diseases, pregnancy, children.
Doxycycline and metacyclin last longer (up to 12 hours). All are reserve antibiotics (very toxic).
Tetracyclines are very toxic, therefore they are rarely used in children, especially those for 3-5 years. Levomycetin in children under 3 years of age is used to a limited extent, because toxic effects may occur.
E is determined by the dose of the substance; the rate of development of the effect changes, express, continue, har-r. Usually at ↑ doses ↑ the expression and duration of the effect. Single dose - number of substances for 1 reception. There is a daily dose. Dose calculation - mg / kg, mg / m2. The minimum effective dose is the minimum dose in which a biological effect has appeared. The average therapeutic dose is the required pharmacotherapeutic dose in most patients. Higher therapeutic doses (single and daily) are given in the State Pharmacopoeia. Toxic and lethal doses. Heading dose - for antibiotics. Loading dose - for fast creation of high concentration and medicine.
Alpha-adrenergic blockers are substances that block alpha-adrenergic receptors and prevent their connection with catecholamines. Classification: I. Blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors:
1) Non-selective: fasting and presynaptic
-Phentolamine (alpha1, alpha2)
-Tropafen (alpha1, alpha2)
Nicergoline, pyrroxane, dihydroergotomin
2) Selective: postsynaptic
-Prazosin (alpha1), doxazosin, urapidil
Mechanism of action: block adrenergic receptors, disrupting interaction with mediators.
Main effects: vasodilation of the skin, mucous membranes, celiac vessels, ↓ blood pressure, improved tissue nutrition. Indications: hypertensive crises, migraines, peripheral vascular spasms, Raynaud's disease, leg ulcers, diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma, peripheral circulation disorders, ischemic cerebral circulation, sympathoadrenal and diencephalic crises, neurodermatitis, withdrawal symptoms. Side effects: tachycardia, nausea, diarrhea, collapse, dizziness, vomiting. Contraindications: organic diseases of the heart and blood vessels, pregnancy, childhood, hypotension, impaired liver and kidney function.
Phentolamine - enhances gastrointestinal motility, increased secretion of gastric juice, quickly becomes addictive, acts for 10-15 minutes, improves the blood supply to organs, especially the skin, expands the pulmonary circulation, weakly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Tropafen - acts for a long time, lowers blood pressure, causes a slight tachycardia.
Prazosin is 10 times more active than phentolamine, does not affect heart rate, the duration of action is 6-8 hours.
I. Antiallergic drugs:
one) Drugs that prevent the release of histamine: glucocorticoids, beta-adrenomimetics-adrenaline, aminophylline.
2) Means that prevent the interaction of histamine with sensitive tissues: blockers of H1-histamine receptors-diphenhydramine.
3) Means that eliminate the manifestations of allergies such as anaphylactic shock: adrenomimetics-adrenaline, myotropic bronchodilators-euphyllin.
Indications: immediate allergy.
Side effects: tachycardia, tremors, dyspepsia, headache, convulsions.
Contraindications: myocardial infarction, pregnancy, closed coal glaucoma, thyrotoxicosis.
II. Immunosuppressants:
• Cyclosporin blocks the differentiation and activation of T-lymphocytes.
• Imuran has a cytotoxic effect at the early stages of T-lymphocyte proliferation.
Indications: autoimmune diseases.
Side effects: headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, impaired renal function, increased blood pressure, anemia.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity.
III. Antihistamines:
Mechanism of action: they block histamine H1 receptors of tissues, thus suppressing the effect of histamine on them.
one) Ethanolamines - diphenhydramine, tavegil. 2) Ethylenediamines-suprastin.
2) Indications: urticaria, angioedema, rhinitis.
Side effects: hypotension, dry mouth, drowsiness.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity.
IV. Immunostimulants:
• interferon gamma activates macrophages, T-lymphocytes, T-killers.
• interleukin-2
• taktivin-normalizes the number and function of T-lymphocytes, stimulates the production of cytokines.
Indications: viral infections, myeloma, after radiation therapy, chronic purulent processes.
Contraindications: pregnancy.
Side effects: allergic reactions.
Classification:
• with candidiasis (nystatin, levorin, decamine, amphotericin)
• with superficial mycoses (griseofulvin, terbinafine, miconazole, iodine preparations)
• with systemic mycoses (amphotericin B, mycoheptin, miconazole).
Mechanism: fungistatic action (violation of the permeability of the cell membrane and violation of its transport function), fungicidal (terbinafine).
Indications: candidiasis, dermatomycosis, systemic mycoses.
Side effects: dyspepsia, fever, decreased blood pressure, nephro- and neurotoxicity, anemia, hypokalemia, allergies.
Contraindications: liver and kidney disease.
Amphotericin is toxic, cumulative. Miconazole is less toxic. Ketoconazole is hepatotoxic. Griseofulvin - resistance does not develop, mechanism: inhibition of the synthesis of nucleic acids. Nystatin - fungicidal and fungistatic action. Levorin is more toxic than nystatin.
1. Definition of pharmacology as a science, its tasks, place among other medical and biological sciences. Scientific substantiation of the need for animal experiments. The significance of experimental data for the progress of science and medical practice.
Farmak-I - the science of interaction and chem. connected with live org-mami. He studies the medicines of the medium used for the treatment and the professional for the sick. Tasks - the search for new effects of drugs. The main way of their creation is chemical. synthesis. Pharmac research - study of the influence of I-in on biosystems of varying complexity (from org-ma to cell components). Biological d-e (activity) chem in-in - change-e f-th biosystem under d-e chem in-in. Pharmacology is closely related to other areas of experimental and practical medicine (physiology, biochemistry, enzymology). As a result of the creation of many highly effective drugs, pharmacotherapy has become a universal method for treating many diseases. Widespread are Wed-va, depressing and arousal n / system, changing blood pressure, stimulating the heart and breathing, regulating hematopoiesis, blood coagulation, metabolism; antimicrobial, antiparasitic, cf. professional infectious diseases. With the development of pharmacology and the development of others. sciences - surgery (drugs for anesthesia), psychiatry (psychotropic), endocrinology (synthesis of hormones), therapy (antibiotics), transplantology (immunosuppressants), oncology (antiblastoma drugs). Experiments on live animals were introduced into pharmacology / research at the beginning of the 19th century (determining the mechanism of drugs, their effect on systems and organs). In dep. sciences have distinguished experiment and clinical pharmacology, pharmacy (the science of finding, obtaining, storing, manufacturing, dispensing drugs), toxicology, immunopharmacology, pharmacogenetics, chemotherapy of inf-th and tumors. their influence on systems and organs). In dep. sciences have distinguished experiment and clinical pharmacology, pharmacy (the science of finding, obtaining, storing, manufacturing, dispensing drugs), toxicology, immunopharmacology, pharmacogenetics, chemotherapy of inf-th and tumors. their influence on systems and organs). In dep. sciences have distinguished experiment and clinical pharmacology, pharmacy (the science of finding, obtaining, storing, manufacturing, dispensing drugs), toxicology, immunopharmacology, pharmacogenetics, chemotherapy of inf-th and tumors.
Sympatholytic agents - agents that disrupt the transmission of excitation at the level of varicose thickening of adrenergic fibers, act presynaptically.
Mechanism of action classification:
one. Emptying the transmitter depot: reserpine, octadine.
2. Mediator ejection obstruction: Ornid.
3. Violation of the synthesis of the mediator: methyldopa.
Indications: octadine and reserpine treatment of hypertension, glaucoma.
Side effects: diarrhea, bradycardia, pain in the parotid gland, fluid retention in the body, collapse, drowsiness.
Contraindications: organic diseases of the cardiovascular system, renal failure, peptic ulcer; octadine is not recommended for pheochromocytoma.
• Reserpine-reduces the content of norepinephrine in the heart, blood vessels, adrenal medulla, central nervous system. Depressing effect on the central nervous system. Has sedative properties, enhances the effect of drugs for anesthesia.
• Octadine gradually lowers blood pressure, reduces cardiac output, causes bradycardia, narrows the pupil, lowers intraocular pressure, enhances intestinal motility, and is administered orally.
• Ornid - lowers blood pressure, antiarrhythmic action.
• Methyldopa - lowers blood pressure.
Classification:
one. to replacespecial therapy (insulin);
2. increase the output of endogenous insulin (sulfonylurea derivatives);
3. increase the flow of glucose into tissues and glycolysis (biguanides);
four. reduce the absorption of glucose in the small intestine (acarbose).
Insulin - lowers blood glucose levels; increases the utilization of glucose and the energy value of metabolism; increases the synthesis and reduces the breakdown of proteins, fats. Indications: diabetes mellitus, cachexia. Contraindications: hypoglycemia, acute hepatitis, cirrhosis, nephritis, renal amyloidosis, peptic ulcer disease, heart defects.
Synthetic hypoglycemic:
one) sulfonylurea derivatives (butamide, chlorpropamide);
2) biguanide derivatives (buformin, metformin).
Mechanism: I - stimulation of beta cells and insulin release; decreased protein binding and degradation by insulinase; increased formation of pancreatic cells.
Side effects - decreased blood formation. It is used for milder forms of diabetes in the elderly. II - glucose supply to muscles, normalization of protein metabolism.
Glucagon is an increase in blood glucose due to the conversion of glycogen.
Mechanism: 1) activation of adenylate cyclase and formation of cAMP; 2) activation of phosphorylase and conversion of glycogen to glucose. Action: increases the breakdown of fat, the formation of free fatty acids, as a source of energy.
Anti-spirochetes are a group of drugs used to treat diseases caused by spirochetes.
Classification: short-acting (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt)
Long-acting: (novocaine benzylpenicillin salt, bicillins)
Mechanism: block thiol enzymes containing sulfhydryl groups.
Indications: Used for spirochetosis and syphilis.
Side effects: headache, vomiting, fainting, collapse, dermatitis, erythema, fever, euphoria, convulsions, liver damage.
Organic bismuth preparations: biloquinol, bismoverol, pentabismol. Only for syphilis. Cumulate in parenchymal organs, in the central nervous system. Mechanism: block sulfhydryl groups of thiol enzymes. The nature of the action: treponemostatic. Side effects - gingivitis, stomatitis, nephropathy. Contraindications: liver, kidney, oral cavity diseases.