Материал: isaeva_av_sost_professionalnyi_angliiskii_iazyk_dlia_student (1)

David Hume, as well as that of George Berkeley, who was the outstanding idealist. The philosophy of Immanuel Kant achieved a synthesis of the rationalist and empiricist traditions and was in turn developed in the direction of idealism by J. G. Fichte, F. W. J. von Schelling, and G. W. F. Hegel.

The romantic movement of the 18th century had its beginnings in the

theories of Charles Darwin profoundly affected mid-19th-century thought. Ethical philosophy culminated in England in the utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill and in France in the positivism of Auguste Comte. Pragmatism, the first essentially American philosophical movement, was founded at the end of the 19th century by C. S. Peirce and was later elaborated by William James and John Dewey5.

Vocabulary

scholasticism – схоластика;

spokesman – представитель, выразитель мнения;

Cartesian philosophy – философия Декарта; to prevail – преобладать, господствовать; adherent – приверженец, последователь; utilitarianism – утилитаризм;

to elaborate – тщательно разрабатывать.

Read the text and answer the questions after it.

Part III. The 20th Century.

The transition to 20th-century philosophy essentially came with Henri Bergson. The century has often seen a great disparity in orientation between Continental and Anglo-American thinkers. In France and Germany, major philosophical movements have been the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and the existentialism of Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre. Positivism and science have come under the scrutiny of Jürgen Habermas of the Frankfurt School; he has argued that they are driven by hidden interests. Structuralism, a powerful intellectual movement throughout the first half of the 20th century, defined language and social systems in terms of the relationships among their elements.

5 http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/philosophy-the-history- philosophy.html#ixzz2u3wjMakq, http://www.philosophy-index.com/philosophy/branches/

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Beginning in the 1960s arguments against all of Western metaphysics were marshaled by poststructuralists; among the most influential has been Jacques Derrida, a wide-ranging philosopher who has pursued deconstruction, a program that seeks to identify metaphysical assumptions in literature and psychology as well as philosophy. Both structuralism and poststructuralism originated mostly in France but soon came to influence thinkers throughout the West, especially in Germany and the United States.

Major concerns in American and British philosophy in the 20th century have included formal logic, the philosophy of science, and epistemology. Leading early figures included G. E. Moore, Bertrand Russell, and Ludwig Wittgenstein; Anglo-American philosophy was later exemplified by logical positivists like Rudolph Carnap. In their close attention to problems of language, the logical positivists, influenced by Wittgenstein, in turn influenced the work of W. V. O. Quine and others in the philosophy of language. Later Anglo-American philosophers turned increasingly toward ethics and political philosophy, as in John Rawls' work on the problem of justice6.

Vocabulary

transition – переход;

disparity – неравенство, несоответствие;

scrutiny – внимательное изучение, рассмотрение; to marshal – размещать, выстраивать; wide-ranging – обширный;

to pursue – заниматься чем-либо, проявлять интерес; deconstruction – деконструктивизм;

assumptions – предположения, гипотезы; concerns – вопросы, проблемы;

to exemplify – воплощать.

Questions:

1.Who marked the transition to 20th century philosophy?

2.What is this century characterized by?

3.What were the major philosophical movements in France and Germany?

4.What were the major concerns in American and British philosophy?

5.What are the names of leading figures of philosophy during the 20th century?

6 http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/philosophy-the-history- philosophy.html#ixzz2u3wjMakq, http://www.philosophy-index.com/philosophy/branches/

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Unit II. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY.

2.1 Introduction to Ancient Philosophy.

The philosophy of the Greco-Roman world from the 6th century BC to the 6th century AD laid the foundations for all subsequent Western philosophy. Its greatest figures are Socrates (5th century BC) and Plato and Aristotle (4th century BC). But the enormously diverse range of further important thinkers who populated the period includes the Pre-Socratics and Sophists of the 6th and 5th centuries BC; the Stoics, Epicureans and sceptics of the Hellenistic age; and the many Aristotelian and especially Platonist philosophers who wrote under the Roman Empire, including the great Neo-Platonist Plotinus. Ancient philosophy was principally pagan, and was finally eclipsed by Christianity in the 6th century AD, but it was so comprehensively annexed by its conqueror that it came, through Christianity, to dominate medieval and Renaissance philosophy. This eventual symbiosis between ancient philosophy and Christianity may reflect the fact that philosophical creeds in late antiquity fulfilled much the same role as religious movements, with which they shared many of their aims and practices7.

Read the text and answer the questions after it.

2.2 Main Features of Ancient Philosophy.

“Ancient” philosophy is that of classical antiquity, which not only inaugurated the entire European philosophical tradition but has exercised an unparalleled influence on its style and content. It is conventionally considered to start with Thales in the mid 6th century BC, although the Greeks themselves frequently made Homer (c.700 BC) its true originator. Officially it is often regarded as ending in 529 AD, when the Christian emperor Justinian is believed to have banned the teaching of pagan philosophy at Athens. However, this was no abrupt termination, and the work of Platonist philosophers continued for some time in self-imposed exile.

Down to and including Plato (in the first half of the 4th century BC), philosophy did not develop a significant technical terminology of its own – unlike such contemporary disciplines as mathematics and medicine. It was Plato‟s pupil Aristotle, and after him the Stoics, who made truly decisive contributions to the philosophical vocabulary of the ancient world.

7 SEDLEY, DAVID (1998). Ancient philosophy. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Retrieved February 05, 2014, from http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/A130

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Ancient philosophy was above all a product of Greece and the Greekspeaking parts of the Mediterranean, which came to include southern Italy, Sicily, western Asia and large parts of North Africa, notably Egypt. From the 1st century BC, a number of Romans became actively engaged in one or other of the Greek philosophical systems, and some of them wrote their own works in Latin. But Greek remained the lingua franca of philosophy. Although much modern philosophical terminology derives from Latinized versions of Greek technical concepts, most of these stem from the Latin vocabulary of medieval Aristotelianism, not directly from ancient Roman philosophical writers8.

Vocabulary

subsequent – последующий; skeptic – философ-скептик;

Hellenistic age – эллинистическая (эллинская) эпоха;

Plotinus – Плотин; pagan – языческий;

to eclipse – затмевать, заслонять; comprehensively – всеобъемлюще, полностью; to annex – присоединять, добавлять;

eventual – возможный; creeds – убеждения;

to inaugurate – открывать, начинать; to exercise – осуществлять, оказывать;

unparalleled – несравненный, непревзойденный; abrupt – внезапный, неожиданный;

termination – прекращение, завершение; exile – изгнание;

notably – в особенности;

lingua franca – лингва франка, общепринятый язык.

Questions:

1.What is the starting point of ancient philosophy?

2.What point is considered to be the end of it?

3.Who made decisive contributions to the philosophical vocabulary?

4.What parts of the world was ancient philosophy the product of?

8 SEDLEY, DAVID (1998). Ancient philosophy. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Retrieved February 05, 2014, from http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/A130

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Give the written translation of the text.

2.3 Philosophy in the 6th and 5th centuries BC.

The first phase, occupying most of the 6th and 5th centuries BC, is generally known as Presocratic philosophy. Its earliest practitioners (Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes) came from Miletus, on the west coast of modern Turkey. The dominant concern of the Presocratic thinkers was to explain the origin and regularities of the physical world and the place of the human soul within it, although the period also produced such rebels as the Eleatic philosophers (Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, Melissus), whose radical monism sought

that Socrates (469–399 BC) was the first philosopher to shift the focus away from the natural world to human values. In fact, however, this shift to a large extent coincides with the concerns of his contemporaries the Sophists, who professed to teach the fundamentals of political and social success and consequently were also much concerned with moral issues. But the persona of Socrates became, and has remained ever since, so powerful an icon for the life of moral scrutiny that it is his name that is used to mark this watershed in the history of philosophy. In the century or so following his death, many schools looked back to him as the living embodiment of philosophy and sought the principles of his life and thought in philosophical theory9.

Vocabulary

Anaximenes – Анаксимен; Miletus – г. Милет; concern – интерес;

regularities – закономерности; rebel – мятежник, бунтовщик; Eleatic – элейский;

Zeno of Elea – Зенон Элейский; Melissus – Мелисс;

monism – монизм, учение о целостности реальной действительности; reliance – зависимость;

to coincide – совпадать, соответствовать;

9 SEDLEY, DAVID (1998). Ancient philosophy. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Retrieved February 05, 2014, from http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/A130

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