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opposite. These principles were meant to replace the Aristotelian metaphysical principles of matter and form. Some of Telesio‟s innovations were seen as theologically dangerous and his philosophy became the object of vigorous attacks. De rerum natura iuxta propria principia was included on the Index of Prohibited Books published in Rome in 1596.

Through the reading of Telesio‟s work, Campanella developed a profound distaste for Aristotelian philosophy and embraced the idea that nature should be explained through its own principles. He rejected the fundamental Aristotelian principle of hylomorphism and adopted instead Telesio‟s understanding of reality in terms of the principles of matter, heat, and cold, which he combined with Neoplatonic ideas derived from Ficino. His first published work was Philosophia sensibus demonstrate (Philosophy as Demonstrated by the Senses, 1591), an anti-

Peripatetic polemic in defense of Telesio‟s system of natural philosophy.

Thereafter, he was censured, tortured, and repeatedly imprisoned for his heresies. During the years of his incarceration, he composed many of his most famous works, such as De sensu rerum et magia (On the Sense of Things and On Magic, 1620), which sets out his vision of the natural world as a living organism and displays his keen interest in natural magic; Ateismus triomphatus (Atheism Conquered), a polemic against both reason of state and Machiavelli‟s conception of religion as a political invention; and Apologia pro Galileo (Defense of Galileo), a defense of the freedom of thought of Galileo and of Christian scientists in general. Campanella‟s most ambitious work is Metaphysica (1638), which constitutes the most comprehensive presentation of his philosophy and whose aim is to produce a new foundation for the entire encyclopedia of knowledge. His most celebrated work is the utopian treatise La città del sole (The City of the Sun), which describes an ideal model of society that, in contrast to the violence and disorder of the real world, is in harmony with nature31.

Vocabulary calculus – исчисление, вычисление; unchallenged – непревзойденный, бесспорный; Pierre Gassendi - Пьер Гассенди;

Bernardino Telesio – Бернардино Телезио; Francesco Patrizi – Франческо Патрици; Tommaso Campanella – Томмазо Кампанелла; definitive – окончательный;

assault – нападки;

Peripatetic – аристотелевский, перипатетический;

31 http://www.iep.utm.edu/renaissa/

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hylomorphism – гиломорфизм (учение о том, что материя и ее формы дают полное объяснение мира);

heresy – ересь;

incarceration – лишение свободы.

Read the text and give the written translation of the 1st or the 2nd paragraph.

Part II.

In contrast to Telesio, who was a fervent critic of metaphysics and insisted on a purely empiricist approach in natural philosophy, Patrizi developed a program in which natural philosophy and cosmology were connected with their metaphysical and theological foundations. His Discussiones peripateticae (Peripatetic Discussions) provides a close comparison of the views of Aristotle and Plato on a wide range of philosophical issues, arguing that Plato‟s views are preferable on all counts. Inspired by such Platonic predecessors as Proclus and Ficino, Patrizi elaborated his own philosophical system in Nova de universalis philosophia (The New Universal Philosophy, 1591), which is divided in four parts: Panaugia, Panarchia, Pampsychia, and Pancosmia. He saw light as the basic metaphysical principle and interpreted the universe in terms of the diffusion of light. The fourth and last part of the work, in which he expounded his cosmology showing how the physical world derives its existence from God, is by far the most original and important. In it, he replaced the four Aristotelian elements with his own alternatives: space, light, heat, and humidity.

A more radical cosmology was proposed by Bruno, who was an extremely prolific writer. His most significant works include those on the art of memory and the combinatory method of Ramon Llull, as well as the moral dialogues Spaccio de la bestia trionfante (The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast, 1584), Cabala del cavallo pegaseo (The Kabbalah of the Pegasean Horse, 1585) and De gl’heroici furori (The Heroic Frenzies, 1585). Much of his fame rests on three cosmological dialogues published in 1584: La cena de le ceneri (The Ash Wednesday Supper), De la causa, principio et uno (On the Cause, the Principle and the One) and De l’infinito, universo et mondi (On the Infinite, the Universe and the Worlds). In these, with inspiration from Lucretius, the Neoplatonists, and, above all, Nicholas of Cusa, he elaborates a coherent and strongly articulated ontological monism. Individual beings are conceived as accidents or modes of a unique substance, that is, the universe, which he describes as an animate and infinitely extended unity containing innumerable worlds. Bruno adhered to Copernicus‟s cosmology but transformed it, postulating an infinite universe. Although an infinite universe was by no means his invention, he was the first to locate a heliocentric system in infinite space. In 1600, he was burned at the stake by the Inquisition for his heretical teachings.

Even though these new philosophies of nature anticipated some of the defining features of early modern thought, many of their methodological

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characteristics appeared to be inadequate in the face of new scientific developments. The methodology of Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) and of the other pioneers of the new science was essentially mathematical. Moreover, the development of the new science took place by means of methodical observations and experiments, such as Galileo‟s telescopic discoveries and his experiments on inclined planes. The critique of Aristotle‟s teaching formulated by natural philosophers such as Telesio, Campanella, Patrizi, and Bruno undoubtedly helped to weaken it, but it was the new philosophy of the early 17th century that sealed the fate of the Aristotelian worldview and set the tone for a new age32.

Vocabulary

fervent – ярый, пылкий; diffusion – рассеивание; to derive – происходить; prolific – преуспевающий;

Ramon Llull – Рамон Льюль; expulsion – изгнание;

frenzy – безумие;

to elaborate – тщательно разрабатывать; accident – случай;

to adhere – придерживаться;

inclined plane – наклонная плоскость;

to seal – ставить печать, налагать отпечаток;

32 http://www.iep.utm.edu/renaissa/

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