Материал: Posibnik_z_angliyskoyi_movi_dlya_studentiv_1_kursu_med_fakultetu_1

2. His tongue was dry and white.

3. The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder.

4. Eyelashes protect the eye from entering of foreign bodies.

5. All human beings have five fingers on each hand.

6. Each toe consists of three phalanx bones.

7. The skin covered by your nail is called a nail bed.

8. During the last winter, doctors have noted a great number of broken ankles.

Exercise 11. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correсt form and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. The woman’s heart (to be) slightly enlarged.

2. Wrist pain with bruising and swelling can (to be) a sign of injury.

3. Breastfeeding (to lower) the baby's risk of having asthma or allergies.

4. Indigestion and heartburn (to be) the most common stomach problems.

5. Dislocation (to occur) when the bones of the knee are out of place, either completely or partially.

6. The Achilles tendon (to connect) the calf muscle with the heel bone.

7. In this female a severe heart disease (to follow) by dyspnea.

8. He (hurt) his back playing tennis.

Exercise 12. Fill in the gaps, using the given words:

trunk, extremities, to contain, to consist, gums (ясна), palate (піднебіння), abdomen (живіт), upper arm (плече), forearm (передпліччя), hand.

In the practical Anatomy class we study the human body. The principal parts of the human body are the …, the trunk, the extremities. We have upper extremities ( … ) and of the lower extremities (…).

The head consists of two parts: the skull and the face. The skull contains… and the face consists of the …, the …, the …, the … , the …, the … and the … .

The mouth has two lips. In the mouth cavity there are gums, a … and a palate. The head is connected with the trunk by … . The upper part of the trunk is the … and the lower part is the abdomen. The principle organs in the chest are the …, the … and the … . We breathe with the lungs and the heart makes beats.

The principal organs of the abdominal cavity are the …, the …, the …, the …, the …, the … and the … .

The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the …. . The upper extremity consists of the upper arm, the elbow, the forearm, the wrist and the hand. We have four … and a … on each hand. The lower extremity consists of the … , the …, the …, the … and the …. The skin covers the body.

Exercise 13. Answer the questions to the text from ex. 11:

1. What do the students study in the Anatomy class?

2. What are the principal parts of the body?

3. What parts does the head consist of?

4. What is there in the mouth?

5. What are the principal organs of the chest?

6. What are the principal organs of the abdominal cavity?

Exercise 14. What are these organs of the body? Put down their names.

verli -

gerfin -

unlg -

neydik -

ladebrd -

seno -

doabmen -

toschma -

ethte -

refohead -

Exercise 15. Say in English:

1. Основні частини тіла людини – голова, тулуб і кінцівки.

2. Голова складається з двох частин – черепа і лиця.

3. В ротовій порожнині знаходяться зуби, ясна і піднебіння.

4. Верхня частина тулуба – груди, нижня – живіт.

5. Головні органи грудної клітини – серце, легені й стравохід.

6. В черевній порожнині знаходяться шлунок, кишківник, печінка, жовчний міхур, нирки, сечовий міхур.

7. Верхня кінцівка складається з плеча, передпліччя, ліктя, зап’ястя і кисті.

8. Нижня ккінцівка складається з клубу, коліна, щиколотки, ступні.

Exercise 16. Translate the word combinations. Pay attention to prepositions:

In the chest, in the patient, in the child; at the table, at the academy, at the hospital; on the shoulder, on the wrist; behind the stomach; between the lungs, between the upper arm and the forearm; in front of the hospital, in front of the kidney; near the heart; to the right of the stomach, under the diaphragm, above the diaphragm, above the elbow; below the liver; to the hospital, to the heart; from the heart; into the room, into the muscle; through the heart; out of the lungs.

Exercise 17. Fill the blanks with prepositions:

1. There are eyebrows … our eyes.

2. The nose is the organ … smell … which we breathe.

3. The head is connected … the trunk … the neck.

4. The teeth are located … the mouth.

5. We have 5 fingers … each hand.

6. The skeleton protects the organs … injury.

7. The body is covered … the skin.

8. A short finger set apart … the other is called the thumb.

Exercise 18. What parts of the body are described?

1. The movable part of the body at the end of the leg on which a person stands.

2. The upper front part of the body between the neck and the stomach, enclosing the heart and lungs.

3. The part of the face above the mouth which is the organ of smell and through which air is breathed.

4. The opening on the face through which a person can take food into the body and speak.

5. The front part of the head from the chin to the forehead and hair.

6. The lower part of the arm between the hand and the elbow.

7. The lower part of the face above the eyes and below the hair.

8. The front part of the face below the mouth.

9. The front part of the body below the chest.

10. The part of the leg just above the foot.

Exercise 19. Arrange the sentences in the correct order to get some additional information about a human body:

1. Out of these 78 organs of a male or female body, skin is the largest organ.

2. Other major organs of the body have their names, location and functions.

3. The major organ in the body of human beings is the brain.

4. There are almost 78 organs in a human body which have various sizes, functions or actions.

5. The cells in the body organs are highly specialized.

6. An organ is a collection of millions of cells which group together to perform single functions in our body.

Exercise 20. Name the organs and parts of the body localized in:

Thoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Upper extremity

Lower extremity

Exercise 21. Speak about a human body according to such points:

• basic parts of the human body;

• vital organs of the human body

• sensory organs

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (срс)

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

Exercise 2. Read the following paying attention to the rules of reading:

c - [s] before e, i, y – place, cell, acid, circulatory, process, accessory, excess, maintenance

c - [k] except before e, i, y - ducts, carbon, testicle, contribute, endocrine, pancreas, excrete

g – [ʤ] before e, i, y – age, agent, oxygen, digestion, ingestion, digestive, cartilage, charged

g - [g] except before e, i, y - group, gland, gauze, organism, aggregation, ligament, gamete

Exercise 3. Pronounce correctly and translate:

Associated [ə'səʊʃɪeɪtɪd]; skeleton ['skelɪt(ə)n]; circulatory ['sɜ:kjʊlətərɪ]; digestive [dai'ʤestɪv]; respiratory [rɪs'paɪərətərɪ]; electrolyte [ɪ'lektrə(ʊ)lait; urinary ['ju(ə)rɪn(ə)rɪ]; endocrine ['endəʊkr(a)ɪn]; musculoskeletal [mʌskjʊləʊ'skɛlɪtəl]; undigested [ʌndai'ʤgestɪd]; material [mə'tɪ(ə)rɪəl]; Helicobacter pylori [ ˎhelikə 'bæktə pai 'lɔ:rai];  isolation [ais(ə)'leiʃ(ə)n]; ion ['aiən]; adenoids ['ædɪ'noidz]; regulatory ['reɡjəleit(ə)ri]; homeostasis [həʊmiəʊ'steisis]

Exercise 4. Guess the meaning:

Amino acids, electrolytes, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, to stabilize, ions, aggregation, homeostasis, absorption, pH level, reproductive, nervous, urethra, molecules, to circulate, to transport, fluid, lymph, thymus, adenoids, regulatory, immune, tonsils, arterioles, Helicobacter pylori. 

Exercise 5. Translate the following word combinations:

Cardiovascular system, cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular care unit

Digestive system, digestive juice, digestive tract, digestive disorders; digestive apparatus

Endocrine system, endocrine glands, endocrine cell, endocrine control, endocrine secretion

Lymphatic system, lymphatic nodes, lymphatic ducts, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic channel

Muscular system, muscular exercises, muscular tissue, muscular layer, muscular rigidity

Nervous system, nervous impulse, nervous tissue, nervous force, nervous breakdown

Reproductive system, reproductive organs, reproductive sex hormones, reproductive tract

Respiratory system, respiratory airway, respiratory flow rate, respiratory volume

Urinary system, urinary calculus, urinary obstruction, urinary nitrogen, urinary discomfort

Exercise 6. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:

System of the body; a group of organs; to perform a certain task; the maintenance of homeostasis; functional collections of tissue; to work in isolation; at equilibrium; the well-being of the person; the integumentary system the interacting body systems; a complex information system; receiving, processing, and communicating information; to transport nutrients; to fight diseases; accessory organs; to be responsible for food ingestion and digestion; the elimination of undigested materials; the lymph fluid; to stabilize body temperature and pH; a variety of waste molecules; sexual reproduction; lymph nodes.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:

Systems of the Body

System of the body is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. The human body consists of many interacting systems. Each system contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis (a physiological process by which the internal systems of the body such as blood pressure, body temperature and acid-base balance are maintained at equilibrium) of itself, other systems, and the entire body. A system consists of two or more organs, which are functional collections (aggregation) of tissue. Systems do not work in isolation, and the well-being of the person depends upon the well-being of all the interacting body systems.

The major systems of the human body are as follows:  the musculoskeletal, the nervous, the circulatory, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine, the reproductive and other systems.

The musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton, which includes bones, ligaments, tendons and attached muscles. It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement.

The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors. It is a complex information system with all the necessary means for receiving, processing, and communicating information.

The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino-acids and electrolytes),  oxygen,  carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilizing body temperature and pH level, and maintaining homeostasis.

The human digestive system consists of a long muscular tube and several accessory organs such as the salivary glands, pancreas and gall bladder. It is responsible for food ingestion and digestion, absorption of digestion products and the elimination of undigested materials.

The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them and associated structures. It brings oxygen from the air to the lungs and excretes carbon dioxide and water back into the air.

The urinary system consists of the kidneys, two ureters, bladder, and urethra. It removes water from the blood to produce urine, which carries a variety of waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body.

The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body which produce regulatory substances called hormones. The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities.

The lymphatic system is a network of organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels that make and move lymph from tissues to the bloodstream. The lymph system is a major part of the body's immune system. It includes the tonsils, adenoids, spleen, and thymus. Lymph nodes make immune cells that help the body fight infection. They also filter the lymph fluid and remove foreign material such as bacteria and cancer cells.

The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. The sex glands or gonads (the ovaries in females and the testes in the males) produce the germ cells also known as gametes (ovum or sperm) that unite and grow into a new individual. Reproduction begins when the germ cells unite, a process called fertilization.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions:

1. What are the major body systems of the human?

2. What does the musculoskeletal system consist of?

3. What system helps us to receive, process, and communicate information?

4. What is the main function of the circulatory system?

5. What system is responsible for food ingestion and digestion, absorption of digestion products and the elimination of undigested materials?

6. What organs does the urinary system include?

7. What body system brings oxygen from the air to the lungs and excretes carbon dioxide and water back into the air?

8. What physiological process helps to maintain the internal systems of the body at equilibrium?

9. In what case does fertilization occur?

10. What does the well-being of any person depend upon?

Exercise 9. Match English word combinations with the Ukrainian ones and use them in the sentences of your own: