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injured, a team is still available. Horses are alternated every two hours. It is desirable to have a man for each horse. The location of landings and skid trails is extremely important in animal skidding. Horses must be located near a creek to provide drinking water. Horses are the most widely used animals: their advantages over mules and oxen are as follows:
They are more active, more rapid and more intelligent; they are more easily handled.
They are adapted to a wide range of climate, especially, cold weather.
They are adapted to rough and rocky ground as well as to level topography.
The advantages of using animals over tractors are as follows
their mobility
soil damage is low
small landing can be used
no noise pollution
damage to leave trees in particular cuts is low
The disadvantages are as follows:
Maintenance cost continues whether horses work or not
Horses get tired and need breaks; this affects production.
Horses are limited to small logs and diameters; this affects production.
Horses must be fed on weekends and then logging is done.
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In addition to logging which is their principal use, they are employed in logging jobs for:
Hauling sledge in northern winter logging and with 4 or 8 wheelwagons.
Loading logs on wagons, logging railroad and motor trucks
Building forest-roads together with bulldozers and other mechanical devices.
Skidding is now wholly mechanized. Animals are only used in difficult places to take out the logs.
1.Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to translate/pronounce them correctly.
2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written form.
3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –
adjective (group 3).
4.Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.
5.What are the answers to these questions:
1)What is the text about?
2)What does passage 1 speak about?
3)How will you define the key idea of passage 2?
4)Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?
6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.
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7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:
a)The text is about/the text speaks about …
b)First, we can read/learn about …
c)The next part/passage describes …
d)The last part/passage informs us about …
Text 7
SECONDARY TRANSPORTATION. LOADING.
Secondary transportation covers the movement of the wood from the roadside to final landing. It can be a river, railroad, barge or mill. Before tree products are transported out of the forest they must be loaded on some kind of vehicle. Loading is usually done mechanically. In certain regions where the raw material is short and light enough to be handled by one man, loading may be done manually. Frequently also tree products must be reloaded from one type of vehicle to another when a transportation system of two or more stages is used.
Products cut in harvesting may be left at the stump for loading; or they may be bunched so that several can be loaded from one point; or they may be concentrated along roads for skidding. Generally, the greater the concentration of products to be loaded at one point, the more highly specialized is the loading operation. Ordinally only small products are loaded at the stump, because it would be too cumbersome to move a power loader with the capacity to handle heavy products from stump to stump to load them.
Animal power may be also used. Loading may be done with elephants in some south -East Asian countries where these animals are used for skidding purposes.
There are two types of roadside mechanical loaders: those with knuckle boom and grapple and those with log fork (front end loaders) or grapple. Both types are mobile and most of the machines can be used to load shortwood, tree length or full trees, but some have limitations.
Loading must be coordinated with cutting, bunching, skidding or hauling, so it is a very important step in harvesting operations. When loading is slower than hauling for instance the trucks lose time waiting. If loading capacity is greater than hauling capacity, the loader and the crew are idle until an empty truck arrives. Loading is the key stone of an efficient harvesting operation; as it
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usually determines the size of the cutting, bunching, skidding crews, as well as
the number of transportation units needed.
1.Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to translate/pronounce them correctly.
2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written form.
3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –
adjective (group 3).
4.Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.
5.What are the answers to these questions:
1)What is the text about?
2)What does passage 1 speak about?
3)How will you define the key idea of passage 2?
4)Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?
6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.
7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:
a)The text is about/the text speaks about …
b)First, we can read/learn about …
c)The next part/passage describes …
d)The last part/passage informs us about
TEXT 8
HISTORY OF LOGGING
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Logging with oxen was common in the Pacific Northwest region in the 1890’s. After the turn of the century they were replaced by horses, which were faster, easier to handle and they had no horns.
Steam and cables joined forces in the logging industry around the turn of the century with the most original cable logging work accomplished in the Pacific Northwest.
Steampower was gradually replaced by gasoline powered internal combustion engines. These were in turn replaced by diesel engines.
Today’s logger operates highly sophisticated machines with air controls, water-cooled brakes interlocking drums.
Balloon logging was first attempted in Sweden using hydrogenfilled World War 11 barrage balloons.
The first reported testing on helicopters for logging was in Scotland in 1956. Other tests were made in Canada (1957), Russia (1959) and Norway (1 963).
These early attempts were not considered successful primarily because of the limited load carrying capacity of the machines.
1. Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to
translate/pronounce them correctly.
2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written form.
3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –
adjective (group 3).
4.Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.
5.What are the answers to these questions:
1)What is the text about?
2)What does passage 1 speak about?
3)How will you define the key idea of passage 2?
4)Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?