Материал: Posibnik_z_angliyskoyi_movi_dlya_studentiv_1_kursu_med_fakultetu_1

6. Some ……. the common diseases related …….. respiration are common cold, tonsillitis and laryngitis.

7. Asthma and pneumonia are diseases associated ……… respiration along with lung cancer.

8. The respiratory system is responsible ….. supplying our body with oxygen.

Exercise 13. Fill in the gaps with the words and word-combinations from the box:

About Respiratory Disorders

When you're short of breath, it's hard or uncomfortable for you ………… the oxygen your body needs. You may feel as if you're not getting enough air. Sometimes mild breathing problems are from ……… or hard exercise. But …………. can also be a sign of a serious disease.

Many conditions can make you feel short of breath. Lung conditions such as asthma, emphysema or pneumonia cause breathing difficulties. So can problems with your …………, which are part of your airway system. Heart disease can make you feel …………… if your heart cannot pump enough blood ………….. oxygen to your body. ………….. caused by anxiety can also make it hard for you to breathe. If you often have trouble breathing, it is important to find out the cause.

Exercise 14. Insert the sentences with the words from the box:

1. ………. are the main organs of respiration, divided into two ……..

2. Each lung is enclosed in a membranous sac, or ……...

3. ………….. is a process which provides body with oxygen for growth and other metabolic activities and removes waste products in the form of carbon dioxide.

4. …….. is a tube which extends from the base of the larynx to the lungs where it divides into two bronchi.

5. Each bronchus leads into a lung where they divide and subdivide into smaller numerous …..

6. ………. include the nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

7. The bronchioles end in very fine alveolar ducts leading to the ……..

8. In humans ………… is carried through the venous system and is breathed out through the lungs.

Exercise 15. Translate into your native language paying attention to Impersonal Sentences:

1. It is sometimes difficult to make proper diagnosis without laboratory tests.

2. It is always necessary to take an appropriate dosage of the drug.

3. It was nine o'clock when the ambulance arrived.

4. It's impossible for such infection to cause serious complications.

5. It wasn't dangerous for the patient to experience such kind of pain.

6. Is it important for medical students to watch surgical interventions by skilled surgeons?

7. Was it about six o'clock when the temperature decreased?

8. Will the patient be discharged out of the hospital tomorrow?

Exercise 16. Translate into your native language paying attention to Indefinite Personal Sentences:

1. It is known that infectious diseases are caused by viruses and microbes.

2. It is reported that a new epidemic of the flu will come soon.

3. It is likely that your son has measles.

4. It is supposed that the operation will be performed next week.

5. It is certain that a source of infection of the flu is a sick man.

6. It is likely that the wound will heal in about a week.

7. It is likely that the reaction will be prolonged.

8. It seems that the diagnosis is correct.

Exercise 17. Make up interrogative sentences to the underlined words:

1. The respiratory tract is divided into upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract.

2. Air travels through the pharynx to the larynx.

3. Larynx prevents the passage of food or drink into trachea and lungs.

4. The trachea connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs.

5. The bronchi are two tubes which end with alveoli where process of gaseous exchange takes place.

6. Students will be delivered a lecture in physiology of respiration in 2 days.

7. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported through the body in the blood.

8. Sechenov estimated the role of hemoglobin in the act of respiration.

Exercise 18. Read the text, open the brackets in the correct tense and voice, and translate it into your native language:

Tina, aged 2 years, suffers from asthma. At her first treatment she (to be) very wheezy and had been prescribed steroids, which her mother didn’t want to use. Both parents (to smoke). The wheezing (to reduce) after the first treatment and has now disappeared, though there (to be) a period of mucus being produced. Her breathing has improved after 4 treatments. The steroids (to discontinue) before the first treatment. It (to be) very difficult to treat a two-year-old child who is sitting and squirming on her mother's knee. However, it (to seem) to work well despite those difficulties. Normally, the child has had asthma attacks every two weeks or so during the winter. She has had none for over two months now.

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Легені вкриті тонкою серозною оболонкою – плеврою.

2. Бронхіоли переходять в альвеоли, оточені капілярами.

3. Система органів дихання це сукупність структур, які дозволяютьорганізмові споживати кисень і виводитивуглекислий газ.

4. Альвеоли здійснюють головну функцію легенів - газообмін.

5. Коли глибина дихання збільшується, то життєва ємкість легень може бути навіть 6 літрів.

6. Потік крові до легень збільшується коли ми вдихаємо й зменшується коли ми видихаємо.

7. Ми вдихаємо кисень через рот та ніс, які розігрівають та зволожують його перш ніж він потрапляє до решти організму.

8. Найбільш поширені захворювання дихальної системи це бронхіт та пневмонія.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (срс)

Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System

Exercise 1. Active vocabulary:

Extrcise 2. Form adjectives from the given nouns:

Majority, condition, sense, gland, abdomen, ability, saliva, autonomy, nerve, spine, movement, body, center, periphery, muscle.

Exercise 3. Define the part of speech and translate:

Nervous, responsible, movement, form, sensation, distribute, thoracic, increase, internal, human, majority, dependent, involuntary, stimulus, cortical, condition, supply, obtain, association, responsible, lumbar, sweat, produce, signalization, ability, divide.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian:

to be responsible for movement, to carry information, to control involuntary muscles, to supply all the internal organs, a chain of ganglia, the lower portion of the spinal cord, to depend on surrounding conditions, to be made up of nerve cells, ability to form cortical associations, conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, thoracic and lumbar regions, sweat and salivary glands, to bring about bodily activity, to provoke response in a cell or tissue.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System

Nervous system is the vast network of cells specialized to carry information (in the form of nerve impulses) to and from all parts of the body in order to bring about bodily activity. The brain and spinal cord together form the central nervous system. The central nervous system controls the voluntary muscles of the head, trunk, and the limbs, and it is responsible for all movement in them and for all sensation in skin, muscles, bones and joints. The remaining nervous tissue is known as the peripheral nervous system and includes the autonomic nervous system which controls all involuntary muscles. It supplies all the internal organs, and is made up of nerve cells (neurons) supplying the glands and the muscular walls of the internal organs and the blood vessels. Neurons are the basic working units of the brain, specialized cells designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscles, or gland cells.

The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Sympathetic nervous system has fibers that leave the central nervous system in the thoracic and lumbar regions. Sympathetic nerves are distributed to the blood vessels, heart, lungs, intestines and other abdominal organs, sweat glands and salivary glands.

Parasympathetic nervous system has fibers that leave the central nervous system from the brain and the lower portion of the spinal cord. The nerves are distributed to blood vessels, glands, and the majority of internal organs. The system works in balance with the sympathetic nervous system.

In human beings the nervous system has the ability to form cortical associations. All the human beings have this function which is formed upon signalization. It is a process in which the stimulus produces the same range of reactions as the stimulus with which it is associated. Such reflexes are called conditioned. And the stimuli producing reactions which don’t depend on surrounding conditions are called unconditioned.

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the main function of the nervous system?

2. What is the central nervous system formed by?

3. What does the central nervous system control?

4. What does the peripheral nervous system include?

5. How are nerve cells called?

6. Where are the nerves of sympathetic nervous system distributed?

7. What works in balance with sympathetic nervous system?

8. What is called conditional reflexes?

Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Клітинна сітка; діяльність організму; головний та спинний мозок; м’яз, що довільно скорочується; відповідати за рухи; тулуб і кінцівки; внутрішні органи; кровоносні судини; м’язові стінки; оточуючі умови; нервові волокна; грудна та поперекова ділянки; органи черевної порожнини; мимовільні рухи; умовний рефлекс.

Exercise 8. Match the terms with their definitions:

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences:

1. … supplies all the internal organs, and is made up of nerve cells.

2. … form the central nervous system.

3. … includes the autonomic nervous system which controls all involuntary muscles.

4. … are distributed to blood vessels, glands, and the majority of internal organs.

5. The autonomic nervous system is divided into…

6. … are distributed to the blood vessels, heart, lungs, intestines and other abdominal organs, sweat glands and salivary glands.

Exercise 10. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Sympathetic nervous system has fibers that leave the central nervous system via a chain of ganglia.

2. The central nervous system controls the voluntary muscles of the head, trunk, and the limbs.

3. Nervous system is specialized to carry information to and from all parts of the body.

4. Parasympathetic nervous system works in balance with the sympathetic nervous system.

5. The nervous system has the additional ability to form cortical associations.

6. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

7. The remaining nervous tissue includes the autonomic nervous system.

8. This function is obtained by all the human beings.

Exercise 11. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense and voice form:

1. The brain and the spinal cord (to form) the control center, where information (to evaluate) and decisions (to make).

2. The spinal cord (to be) a long, thin mass of neurons that (to carry) information through the vertebral cavity of the spine.

3. Neurons also (to know) as nerve cells.

4. About 100 billion neurons of the brain (to form) the main control center of the body.

5. The sensory nerves and sense organs of the peripheral nervous system (to monitor) conditions inside and outside of the body.

6. The somatic nervous system (to consist) of peripheral nerve fibers that (to pick up) sensory information from the distant organs and (to carry) them to the central nervous system.

7. The nerves of the autonomic nervous system (to innervate) the smooth involuntary muscles of the internal organs and glands and (to cause) them to secrete enzymes.

8. The sensory function of the nervous system (to involve) collecting information from sensory receptors. These signals (to pass on) to the central nervous system.

Exercise 12. Guess which term is described: