Материал: Posibnik_z_angliyskoyi_movi_dlya_studentiv_1_kursu_med_fakultetu_1

4. In a normal adult body there are 4,000 to 10,000 leucocytes per microliter of blood.

5. Thrombocytes are responsible for blood clotting.

6. Platelets are formed in the bone marrow.

7. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.

8. Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato-.

Exercise 16. Open the brackets using the verb in the appropriate form:

Blood pressure (to be) the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels. It (to be) one of the principal vital signs. Blood pressure usually (to refer) to the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation. During each heartbeat, blood pressure (to vary) between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure. The blood pressure in the circulation (to be) due to the pumping action of the heart. A person’s blood pressure usually (to express) in terms of the systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. It (to measure) in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), for example 120/80.

Exercise 17. Arrange the following sentences in the correct order to explain the terms:

1. “blood”:

___ It delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the body cells and transports metabolic waste products away from the cells.

___ The average person has about 5 liters of blood; it makes up 7 to 8 percent of a person's body weight.

___ Blood is a reddish bodily fluid that is pumped by the heart through the arteries and veins.

___ The blood cells are mainly red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

___ It is composed of blood cells floating in blood plasma.

2. “blood groups”:

___ Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination.

___ The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies.

___ In 1901 the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups

___ Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donor’s blood cells.

___ The two main ways to classify blood groups are the ABO (A, B, AB, O) system and the Rh (Rhesus positive +, Rhesus negative -) system.

3. “blood transfusions”:

___ Transfusions can spread disease from donor to recipient that is why donors should be periodically tested for infectious diseases.

___ The accumulated red cells can obstruct blood vessels and stop the circulation of blood to various parts of the body.

___ For a blood transfusion to be successful, ABO and Rh blood groups must be compatible between the donated blood and the recipient.

___ People with blood group O Rh - are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB Rh+ are called "universal receivers."

___ Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination.

*Do you know that:

1. each erythrocyte lives 120-130 days?

2. each leukocyte lives 4-7 days?

3. every day 200.000.000 erythrocytes are born and the same number dies?

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (срс)

Exercise 1. Learn the following new words:

Exercise 2. Read the following paying attention to the rules of reading. Give examples of your own:

ch [tʃ] – each, chill, chest

[k] – chemistry, ache, character, stomach – Greek origin

ture [tʃə] – suture, mixture, temperature, fracture

wh

o [h] – who, whom, whose, whole

[w] – when, why, whale, white

kn [n] – knee, knuckle, knowledge, knight

Exercise 3. Remember the rules of word-building in the English language. Translate them into Ukrainian:

a) form the Nouns with the help of suffix – ance (- ence) from the verbs: to disturb, to assist, to differ, to persist, to inherit, to resist, to perform

b) form the Nouns with the help of suffix – ance (- ence) from the adjectives: patient, tolerant, distant, important, incident, dependent, excellent, constant

c) form the Adjectives with the help of suffix –ive, - itive, -ative from the verbs: to digest, to reproduce, to cure, to compete, to cooperate

Exercise 4. In Column A of this table there are 10 nouns relating to medicine. For each of the nouns decide whether the correct plural form is in Column B or Column C and then circle it.

The first question has been done for you as an example.

Exercise 5. Choose the words and phrases that don’t go with the topic “The respiratory system”:

Teeth, exhalation, tongue, esophagus; nasal cavity, alveoli, coughing, oxygenated blood, abdominal cavity, thyroid gland, spinal cord, larynx, carbon dioxide, voice box, soft and hard palates, pharynx, mucus membrane; chest; lobes of the lungs; gallbladder, pancreas, bronchioles, breastbone, peritoneum, trachea, collarbone, pulmonary arteries, inhalation, renal capsule.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the word combinations into your native language:

A constant stream of oxygen; require a constant stream of oxygen; to remove carbon dioxide; warm, moisturize, and filter air; inhalation and exhalation; swallowing, coughing or sneezing; to be lined with cilia; to expel from the body; alveolar ducts; to supplement or replace the nasal cavity’s functions; to capture germs and pollutants; the vital capacity of the lungs.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

The cells of the human body require a constant stream of oxygen to stay alive. The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body’s cells by removing carbon dioxide. It is the respiratory system that is responsible for the respiration, the process by which our organism exchanges gases with its environment. The act of breathing with the lungs is called ventilation and includes inhalation (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out).

There are 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration.

The airway includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

The nose and nasal cavity form the main external opening for the respiratory system through which air moves. The nasal cavity is a hollow space within the nose and skull that is lined with сilia, which are very fine hairs, which warm, moisturize and filter air. These hairs are coated with mucus that captures any germs and pollutants that are in the air we breathe before it enters the lungs. This foreign matter is then expelled from the body through swallowing, coughing or sneezing.

The mouth or the oral cavity is the secondary external opening for the respiratory tract. It can be used to supplement or replace the nasal cavity’s functions when needed.

The pharynx, also known as the throat, is a muscular funnel. It extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus.

The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a short section between the pharynx and trachea.

The trachea is a tube which extends from the base of the larynx to the lungs, where it divides into two bronchi.

The bronchi are two tubes which begin at the trachea. The left bronchus is longer than the right one as it passes around the heart to reach the left lung. Each bronchus leads into a lung. In the lungs, the bronchi divide into bronchioles. The bronchioles end in fine alveolar ducts leading to the alveoli.

The alveoli, or air sacs, are the ends of the air passages. Each alveolus is closely surrounded by blood capillaries.

The lungs are paired, spongy organs located in the chest. They are not identical in shape and size. The left lung is smaller than the right one because it shares space in the chest with the heart. They are divided into lobes - the right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes. The vital capacity of the lungs in the adult is about 3-4 liters.

When one breathes normally not all the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs are opened. When respiration becomes deep, the number of the opened alveoli and capillaries increases. The flow of blood into the lungs increases when one breathes in and it decreases when one breathes out.

Exercise 8. Find corresponding equivalents:

Exercise 9. Match the terms with their definitions:

Exercise 10. Answer the questions:

1. What is the respiratory system responsible for?

2. What are the main parts of the respiratory system?

3. What is the nose covered with?

4. What do the cilia do?

5. How do people expel foreign matters from the respiratory tract?

6. What are pharynx and larynx?

7. Which bronchus is larger and why?

8. How many alveoli are there in the lungs?

9. What are the lungs? What is their vital capacity?

10. When does the number of opened alveoli increase and decrease?

Exercise 11. Approve or contradict the following statements:

1. The respiratory system is responsible for supplying our body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, useful for our bodies.

2. All foreign matters are expelled from the body through swallowing, talking or sneezing.

3. Respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration.

4. The principal muscle of respiration in the human body is the diaphragm, a thin sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thorax.

5. The right lung is smaller because it shares space in the chest with the heart.

6. When respiration becomes deep, the number of the closed alveoli and capillaries increases.

7. Hairs and mucus lining the nasal cavity help to trap dust, mold, pollen and other environmental contaminants before they can reach the inner portions of the body.

8. Our nose warms, moisturizes, and filters air we breathe out.

Exercise 12. Fill in prepositions from the box below where necessary:

1. Respiration is a process which provides body ……. oxygen for growth and other metabolic activities and removes waste products in the form …… carbon dioxide.

2. The lungs are the main organs involved ……… the respiration process.

3. Air passes ……. the lungs …… the nostrils and the air flows down the trachea …….. the lungs.

4. The lungs have alveoli which are small air sacs filled …….. tiny capillaries.

5. The respiration process is carried …….. in two ways in living organisms: aerobic and anaerobic respiration.