Материал: 2019 ESC acute pulmonaryembolism

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ESC Guidelines

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61.Mauritz GJ, Marcus JT, Westerhof N, Postmus PE, Vonk-Noordegraaf A. Prolonged right ventricular post-systolic isovolumic period in pulmonary arterial hypertension is not a reflection of diastolic dysfunction. Heart 2011;97:473 478.

62.Begieneman MP, van de Goot FR, van der Bilt IA, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Spreeuwenberg MD, Paulus WJ, van Hinsbergh VW, Visser FC, Niessen HW. Pulmonary embolism causes endomyocarditis in the human heart. Heart 2008;94:450 456.

63.Lankeit M, Jime´nez D, Kostrubiec M, Dellas C, Hasenfuss G, Pruszczyk P, Konstantinides S. Predictive value of the high-sensitivity troponin T assay and the simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index in hemodynamically stable patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a prospective validation study. Circulation 2011;124:2716 2724.

64.Lankeit M, Kempf T, Dellas C, Cuny M, Tapken H, Peter T, Olschewski M, Konstantinides S, Wollert KC. Growth differentiation factor-15 for prognostic assessment of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:1018 1025.

65.Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A, Agnelli G, Danchin N, Fitzmaurice D, Galie N, Gibbs JS, Huisman MV, Humbert M, Kucher N, Lang I, Lankeit M, Lekakis J, Maack C, Mayer E, Meneveau N, Perrier A, Pruszczyk P, Rasmussen LH, Schindler TH, Svitil P, Vonk NA, Zamorano JL, Zompatori M. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2014;35:3033 3073.

66.Burrowes KS, Clark AR, Tawhai MH. Blood flow redistribution and ventilationperfusion mismatch during embolic pulmonary arterial occlusion. Pulm Circ 2011;1:365 376.

67.Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Kasper W, Olschewski M, Blumel L, Just H. Patent foramen ovale is an important predictor of adverse outcome in patients with major pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1998;97:1946 1951.

68.Harjola VP, Mebazaa A, Celutkiene J, Bettex D, Bueno H, Chioncel O, CrespoLeiro MG, Falk V, Filippatos G, Gibbs S, Leite-Moreira A, Lassus J, Masip J, Mueller C, Mullens W, Naeije R, Nordegraaf AV, Parissis J, Riley JP, Ristic A, Rosano G, Rudiger A, Ruschitzka F, Seferovic P, Sztrymf B, Vieillard-Baron A, Yilmaz MB, Konstantinides S. Contemporary management of acute right ventricular failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Association and the Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:226 241.

69.Mebazaa A, Tolppanen H, Mueller C, Lassus J, DiSomma S, Baksyte G, Cecconi M, Choi DJ, Cohen Solal A, Christ M, Masip J, Arrigo M, Nouira S, Ojji D, Peacock F, Richards M, Sato N, Sliwa K, Spinar J, Thiele H, Yilmaz MB, Januzzi J. Acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock: a multidisciplinary practical guidance.

Intensive Care Med 2016;42:147 163.

70.Thiele H, Ohman EM, Desch S, Eitel I, de Waha S. Management of cardiogenic shock. Eur Heart J 2015;36:1223 1230.

71.Righini M, Robert-Ebadi H, Le Gal G. Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:1251 1261.

72.Dronkers CEA, van der Hulle T, Le Gal G, Kyrle PA, Huisman MV, Cannegieter SC, Klok FA; Subcommittee on Predictive and Diagnostic Variables in Thrombotic Disease. Towards a tailored diagnostic standard for future diagnostic

studies in pulmonary embolism: communication from the SSC of the ISTH.

J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:1040 1043.

73.Pollack CV, Schreiber D, Goldhaber SZ, Slattery D, Fanikos J, O’Neil BJ, Thompson JR, Hiestand B, Briese BA, Pendleton RC, Miller CD, Kline JA. Clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: initial report of EMPEROR (Multicenter Emergency Medicine Pulmonary Embolism in the Real World Registry). J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:700 706.

74.Miniati M, Prediletto R, Formichi B, Marini C, Di Ricco G, Tonelli L, Allescia G, Pistolesi M. Accuracy of clinical assessment in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:864 871.

75.Wells PS, Ginsberg JS, Anderson DR, Kearon C, Gent M, Turpie AG, Bormanis J, Weitz J, Chamberlain M, Bowie D, Barnes D, Hirsh J. Use of a clinical model for safe management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:997 1005.

76.Barco S, Ende-Verhaar YM, Becattini C, Jimenez D, Lankeit M, Huisman MV, Konstantinides SV, Klok FA. Differential impact of syncope on the prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2018;39:4186 4195.

77.Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH, Ciammaichella M, Perlati M, Mumoli N, Bucherini E, Visona A, Bova C, Imberti D, Campostrini S, Barbar S; PESIT Investigators. Prevalence of pulmonary embolism among patients hospitalized for syncope. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1524 1531.

78.Stein PD, Henry JW. Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism stratified according to their presenting syndromes. Chest 1997;112:974 979.

79.White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003;107:I4 I8.

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80.Rodger MA, Carrier M, Jones GN, Rasuli P, Raymond F, Djunaedi H, Wells PS. Diagnostic value of arterial blood gas measurement in suspected pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:2105 2108.

81.Stein PD, Goldhaber SZ, Henry JW, Miller AC. Arterial blood gas analysis in the assessment of suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Chest 1996;109:78 81.

82.Elliott CG, Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, DeRosa M. Chest radiographs in acute pulmonary embolism. Results from the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry. Chest 2000;118:33 38.

83.Shopp JD, Stewart LK, Emmett TW, Kline JA. Findings from 12-lead electrocardiography that predict circulatory shock from pulmonary embolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 2015;22:1127 1137.

84.Sanders S, Doust J, Glasziou P. A systematic review of studies comparing diagnostic clinical prediction rules with clinical judgment. PLoS One 2015;10:e0128233.

85.Penaloza A, Verschuren F, Meyer G, Quentin-Georget S, Soulie C, Thys F, Roy PM. Comparison of the unstructured clinician gestalt, the wells score, and the revised Geneva score to estimate pretest probability for suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med 2013;62:117 124 e2.

86.Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, Ginsberg JS, Kearon C, Gent M, Turpie AG, Bormanis J, Weitz J, Chamberlain M, Bowie D, Barnes D, Hirsh J. Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the models utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:416 420.

87.Klok FA, Mos IC, Nijkeuter M, Righini M, Perrier A, Le Gal G, Huisman MV. Simplification of the revised Geneva score for assessing clinical probability of pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:2131 2136.

88.Gibson NS, Sohne M, Kruip MJHA, Tick LW, Gerdes VE, Bossuyt PM, Wells PS, Buller HR; Christopher Study Investigators. Further validation and simplification of the Wells clinical decision rule in pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2008;99:229 234.

89.Douma RA, Mos IC, Erkens PM, Nizet TA, Durian MF, Hovens MM, van Houten AA, Hofstee HM, Klok FA, ten Cate H, Ullmann EF, Bu¨ller HR, Kamphuisen PW, Huisman MV; Prometheus Study Group. Performance of 4 clinical decision rules in the diagnostic management of acute pulmonary embolism: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:709 718.

90.Douma RA, Gibson NS, Gerdes VE, Buller HR, Wells PS, Perrier A, Le Gal G. Validity and clinical utility of the simplified Wells rule for assessing clinical probability for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2009;101:197 200.

91.Le Gal G, Righini M, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Aujesky D, Bounameaux H, Perrier A. Prediction of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: the revised Geneva score. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:165 171.

92.Ceriani E, Combescure C, Le Gal G, Nendaz M, Perneger T, Bounameaux H, Perrier A, Righini M. Clinical prediction rules for pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:957 970.

93.Kline JA, Mitchell AM, Kabrhel C, Richman PB, Courtney DM. Clinical criteria to prevent unnecessary diagnostic testing in emergency department patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 2004;2:1247 1255.

94.Penaloza A, Soulie C, Moumneh T, Delmez Q, Ghuysen A, El Kouri D, Brice C, Marjanovic NS, Bouget J, Moustafa F, Trinh-Duc A, Le Gall C, Imsaad L, Chretien JM, Gable B, Girard P, Sanchez O, Schmidt J, Le Gal G, Meyer G, Delvau N, Roy PM. Pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) rule in European patients with low implicit clinical probability (PERCEPIC): a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet Haematol 2017;4:e615 e621.

95.Freund Y, Cachanado M, Aubry A, Orsini C, Raynal PA, Feral-Pierssens AL, Charpentier S, Dumas F, Baarir N, Truchot J, Desmettre T, Tazarourte K, Beaune S, Leleu A, Khellaf M, Wargon M, Bloom B, Rousseau A, Simon T, Riou B, Group PI. Effect of the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria on subsequent thromboembolic events among low-risk emergency department patients: the PROPER randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2018;319:559 566.

96.Righini M, Le Gal G, De Lucia S, Roy PM, Meyer G, Aujesky D, Bounameaux H, Perrier A. Clinical usefulness of D-dimer testing in cancer patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2006;95:715 719.

97.Di Nisio M, Sohne M, Kamphuisen PW, Buller HR. D-dimer test in cancer patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:1239 1242.

98.Miron MJ, Perrier A, Bounameaux H, de Moerloose P, Slosman DO, Didier D, Junod A. Contribution of noninvasive evaluation to the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients. Eur Respir J 1999;13:1365 1370.

99.Chabloz P, Reber G, Boehlen F, Hohlfeld P, de Moerloose P. TAFI antigen and D-dimer levels during normal pregnancy and at delivery. Br J Haematol 2001;115:150 152.

100.Francalanci I, Comeglio P, Liotta AA, Cellai AP, Fedi S, Parretti E, Mello G, Prisco D, Abbate R. D-dimer concentrations during normal pregnancy, as measured by ELISA. Thromb Res 1995;78:399 405.

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ESC Guidelines

101.Perrier A, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Le Gal G, Meyer G, Gourdier AL, Furber A, Revel MP, Howarth N, Davido A, Bounameaux H. Multidetector-row computed tomography in suspected pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1760 1768.

102.Perrier A, Roy PM, Aujesky D, Chagnon I, Howarth N, Gourdier AL, Leftheriotis G, Barghouth G, Cornuz J, Hayoz D, Bounameaux H. Diagnosing pulmonary embolism in outpatients with clinical assessment, D-dimer measurement, venous ultrasound, and helical computed tomography: a multicenter management study. Am J Med 2004;116:291 299.

103.Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, Stiell I, Dreyer JF, Barnes D, Forgie M, Kovacs G, Ward J, Kovacs MJ. Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department by using a simple clinical model and D-dimer. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:98 107.

104.Carrier M, Righini M, Djurabi RK, Huisman MV, Perrier A, Wells PS, Rodger M, Wuillemin WA, Le Gal G. VIDAS D-dimer in combination with clinical pre-test probability to rule out pulmonary embolism. A systematic review of management outcome studies. Thromb Haemost 2009;101:886 892.

105.Righini M, Goehring C, Bounameaux H, Perrier A. Effects of age on the performance of common diagnostic tests for pulmonary embolism. Am J Med 2000;109:357 361.

106.Righini M, Van Es J, Den Exter PL, Roy PM, Verschuren F, Ghuysen A, Rutschmann OT, Sanchez O, Jaffrelot M, Trinh-Duc A, Le Gall C, Moustafa F, Principe A, Van Houten AA, Ten Wolde M, Douma RA, Hazelaar G, Erkens PM, Van Kralingen KW, Grootenboers MJ, Durian MF, Cheung YW, Meyer G, Bounameaux H, Huisman MV, Kamphuisen PW, Le Gal G. Age-adjusted D- dimer cutoff levels to rule out pulmonary embolism: the ADJUST-PE study. JAMA 2014;311:1117 1124.

107.van der Hulle T, Cheung WY, Kooij S, Beenen LFM, van Bemmel T, van Es J, Faber LM, Hazelaar GM, Heringhaus C, Hofstee H, Hovens MMC, Kaasjager KAH, van Klink RCJ, Kruip M, Loeffen RF, Mairuhu ATA, Middeldorp S, Nijkeuter M, van der Pol LM, Schol-Gelok S, Ten Wolde M, Klok FA, Huisman MV, Years Study Group. Simplified diagnostic management of suspected pulmonary embolism (the YEARS study): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet 2017;390:289 297.

108.Howick J, Cals JW, Jones C, Price CP, Pluddemann A, Heneghan C, Berger MY, Buntinx F, Hickner J, Pace W, Badrick T, Van den Bruel A, Laurence C, van Weert HC, van Severen E, Parrella A, Thompson M. Current and future use of point-of-care tests in primary care: an international survey in Australia, Belgium, The Netherlands, the UK and the USA. BMJ Open 2014;4:e005611.

109.Kingma AEC, van Stel HF, Oudega R, Moons KGM, Geersing GJ. Multi-faceted implementation strategy to increase use of a clinical guideline for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in primary care. Fam Pract 2017;34:446 451.

110.Geersing GJ, Janssen KJ, Oudega R, Bax L, Hoes AW, Reitsma JB, Moons KG. Excluding venous thromboembolism using point of care D-dimer tests in outpatients: a diagnostic meta-analysis. BMJ 2009;339:b2990.

111.Geersing GJ, Erkens PM, Lucassen WA, Buller HR, Cate HT, Hoes AW, Moons KG, Prins MH, Oudega R, van Weert HC, Stoffers HE. Safe exclusion of pulmonary embolism using the Wells rule and qualitative D-dimer testing in primary care: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2012;345:e6564.

112.Patel S, Kazerooni EA, Cascade PN. Pulmonary embolism: optimization of small pulmonary artery visualization at multi-detector row CT. Radiology 2003;227:455 460.

113.Ghaye B, Szapiro D, Mastora I, Delannoy V, Duhamel A, Remy J, Remy-Jardin M. Peripheral pulmonary arteries: how far in the lung does multi-detector row spiral CT allow analysis? Radiology 2001;219:629 636.

114.Carrier M, Righini M, Wells PS, Perrier A, Anderson DR, Rodger MA, Pleasance S, Le Gal G. Subsegmental pulmonary embolism diagnosed by computed tomography: incidence and clinical implications. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the management outcome studies. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:1716 1722.

115.Stein PD, Fowler SE, Goodman LR, Gottschalk A, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV Jr, Popovich J Jr, Quinn DA, Sos TA, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Wakefield TW, Weg JG, Woodard PK; PIOPED II Investigators. Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2317 2327.

116.Reid JH, Coche EE, Inoue T, Kim EE, Dondi M, Watanabe N, Mariani G; International Atomic Energy Agency Consultants’ Group. Is the lung scan alive and well? Facts and controversies in defining the role of lung scintigraphy for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the era of MDCT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;36:505 521.

117.Waxman AD, Bajc M, Brown M, Fahey FH, Freeman LM, Haramati LB, Julien P, Le Gal G, Neilly B, Rabin J, Soudry G, Tapson V, Torbati S, Kauffman J, Ahuja S, Donohoe K. Appropriate use criteria for ventilation-perfusion imaging in pulmonary embolism: summary and excerpts. J Nucl Med 2017;58:13N 15N.

118.Sostman HD, Coleman RE, DeLong DM, Newman GE, Paine S. Evaluation of revised criteria for ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Radiology 1994;193:103 107.

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119.Gottschalk A, Sostman HD, Coleman RE, Juni JE, Thrall J, McKusick KA, Froelich JW, Alavi A. Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in the PIOPED study. Part II. Evaluation of the scintigraphic criteria and interpretations. J Nucl Med 1993;34:1119 1126.

120.Glaser JE, Chamarthy M, Haramati LB, Esses D, Freeman LM. Successful and safe implementation of a trinary interpretation and reporting strategy for V/Q lung scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 2011;52:1508 1512.

121.Bajc M, Olsson B, Palmer J, Jonson B. Ventilation/perfusion SPECT for diagnostics of pulmonary embolism in clinical practice. J Intern Med 2008;264:379 387.

122.Anderson DR, Kahn SR, Rodger MA, Kovacs MJ, Morris T, Hirsch A, Lang E, Stiell I, Kovacs G, Dreyer J, Dennie C, Cartier Y, Barnes D, Burton E, Pleasance S, Skedgel C, O’Rouke K, Wells PS. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography vs ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;298:2743 2753.

123.Sostman HD, Stein PD, Gottschalk A, Matta F, Hull R, Goodman L. Acute pulmonary embolism: sensitivity and specificity of ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in PIOPED II study. Radiology 2008;246:941 946.

124.Roy PM, Colombet I, Durieux P, Chatellier G, Sors H, Meyer G. Systematic review and meta-analysis of strategies for the diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. BMJ 2005;331:259.

125.van Es J, Douma RA, Hezemans RE, Penaloza A, Motte S, Erkens PG, Durian MF, van Eck-Smit BL, Kamphuisen PW. Accuracy of X-ray with perfusion scan in young patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2015;136:221 224.

126.Gutte H, Mortensen J, Jensen CV, Johnbeck CB, von der Recke P, Petersen CL, Kjaergaard J, Kristoffersen US, Kjaer A. Detection of pulmonary embolism with combined ventilation-perfusion SPECT and low-dose CT: head-to-head comparison with multidetector CT angiography. J Nucl Med 2009;50:1987 1992.

127.Reinartz P, Wildberger JE, Schaefer W, Nowak B, Mahnken AH, Buell U. Tomographic imaging in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a comparison between V/Q lung scintigraphy in SPECT technique and multislice spiral CT. J Nucl Med 2004;45:1501 1508.

128.Collart JP, Roelants V, Vanpee D, Lacrosse M, Trigaux JP, Delaunois L, Gillet JB, De CP, Vander BT. Is a lung perfusion scan obtained by using single photon emission computed tomography able to improve the radionuclide diagnosis of pulmonary embolism? Nucl Med Commun 2002;23:1107 1113.

129.Kumar N, Xie K, Mar W, Anderson TM, Carney B, Mehta N, Machado R, Blend MJ, Lu Y. Software-based hybrid perfusion SPECT/CT provides diagnostic accuracy when other pulmonary embolism imaging is indeterminate. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015;49:303 311.

130.Ling IT, Naqvi HA, Siew TK, Loh NK, Ryan GF. SPECT ventilation perfusion scanning with the addition of low-dose CT for the investigation of suspected pulmonary embolism. Intern Med J 2012;42:1257 1261.

131.Le Duc-Pennec A, Le Roux PY, Cornily JC, Jaffrelot M, Delluc A, de SaintMartin L, Guillo P, Le Gal G, Salaun PY, Leroyer C. Diagnostic accuracy of single-photon emission tomography ventilation/perfusion lung scan in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Chest 2012;141:381 387.

132.Simanek M, Koranda P. The benefit of personalized hybrid SPECT/CT pulmonary imaging. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016;6:215 222.

133.Qanadli SD, Hajjam ME, Mesurolle B, Barre O, Bruckert F, Joseph T, Mignon F, Vieillard-Baron A, Dubourg O, Lacombe P. Pulmonary embolism detection: prospective evaluation of dual-section helical CT versus selective pulmonary arteriography in 157 patients. Radiology 2000;217:447 455.

134.Investigators P. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 1990;263:2753 2759.

135.Stein PD, Henry JW, Gottschalk A. Reassessment of pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: relation of interpreter agreement to the order of the involved pulmonary arterial branch. Radiology 1999;210:689 691.

136.Diffin DC, Leyendecker JR, Johnson SP, Zucker RJ, Grebe PJ. Effect of anatomic distribution of pulmonary emboli on interobserver agreement in the interpretation of pulmonary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171:1085 1089.

137.Stein PD, Athanasoulis C, Alavi A, Greenspan RH, Hales CA, Saltzman HA, Vreim CE, Terrin ML, Weg JG. Complications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1992;85:462 468.

138.Engelberger RP, Kucher N. Catheter-based reperfusion treatment of pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2011;124:2139 2144.

139.Revel MP, Sanchez O, Couchon S, Planquette B, Hernigou A, Niarra R, Meyer G, Chatellier G. Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for an acute pulmonary embolism: results of the ‘IRM-EP’ study. J Thromb Haemost 2012;10:743 750.

140.Stein PD, Chenevert TL, Fowler SE, Goodman LR, Gottschalk A, Hales CA, Hull RD, Jablonski KA, Leeper KV Jr, Naidich DP, Sak DJ, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Weg JG, Woodard PK; PIOPED III (Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis II) Investigators. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance

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angiography for pulmonary embolism: a multicenter prospective study (PIOPED III). Ann Intern Med 2010;152:434 443, W142 W143.

141.Leung AN, Bull TM, Jaeschke R, Lockwood CJ, Boiselle PM, Hurwitz LM, James AH, McCullough LB, Menda Y, Paidas MJ, Royal HD, Tapson VF, Winer-Muram HT, Chervenak FA, Cody DD, McNitt-Gray MF, Stave CD, Tuttle BD. An official American Thoracic Society/Society of Thoracic Radiology clinical practice guideline: evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;184:1200 1208.

142.Grifoni S, Olivotto I, Cecchini P, Pieralli F, Camaiti A, Santoro G, Conti A, Agnelli G, Berni G. Short-term clinical outcome of patients with acute pulmonary embolism, normal blood pressure, and echocardiographic right ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2000;101:2817 2822.

143.Torbicki A, Kurzyna M, Ciurzynski M, Pruszczyk P, Pacho R, Kuch-Wocial A, Szulc M. Proximal pulmonary emboli modify right ventricular ejection pattern. Eur Respir J 1999;13:616 621.

144.Bova C, Greco F, Misuraca G, Serafini O, Crocco F, Greco A, Noto A. Diagnostic utility of echocardiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Am J Emerg Med 2003;21:180 183.

145.Kurnicka K, Lichodziejewska B, Goliszek S, Dzikowska-Diduch O, Zdonczyk O, Kozlowska M, Kostrubiec M, Ciurzynski M, Palczewski P, Grudzka K, Krupa M, Koc M, Pruszczyk P. Echocardiographic pattern of acute pulmonary embolism: analysis of 511 consecutive patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016;29:907 913.

146.Kurzyna M, Torbicki A, Pruszczyk P, Burakowska B, Fijalkowska A, Kober J, Oniszh K, Kuca P, Tomkowski W, Burakowski J, Wawrzynska L. Disturbed right ventricular ejection pattern as a new Doppler echocardiographic sign of acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:507 511.

147.Casazza F, Bongarzoni A, Capozi A, Agostoni O. Regional right ventricular dysfunction in acute pulmonary embolism and right ventricular infarction. Eur J Echocardiogr 2005;6:11 4.

148.Pruszczyk P, Goliszek S, Lichodziejewska B, Kostrubiec M, Ciurzynski M, Kurnicka K, Dzikowska-Diduch O, Palczewski P, Wyzgal A. Prognostic value of echocardiography in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

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149.Lobo JL, Holley A, Tapson V, Moores L, Oribe M, Barron M, Otero R, Nauffal D, Valle R, Monreal M, Yusen RD, Jime´nez D; PROTECT and RIETE Investigators. Prognostic significance of tricuspid annular displacement in normotensive patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:1020 1027.

150.Platz E, Hassanein AH, Shah A, Goldhaber SZ, Solomon SD. Regional right ventricular strain pattern in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

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151.Sugiura E, Dohi K, Onishi K, Takamura T, Tsuji A, Ota S, Yamada N, Nakamura M, Nobori T, Ito M. Reversible right ventricular regional non-uniformity quantified by speckle-tracking strain imaging in patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:1353 1359.

152.Dresden S, Mitchell P, Rahimi L, Leo M, Rubin-Smith J, Bibi S, White L, Langlois B, Sullivan A, Carmody K. Right ventricular dilatation on bedside echocardiography performed by emergency physicians aids in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med 2014;63:16 24.

153.Casazza F, Becattini C, Guglielmelli E, Floriani I, Morrone V, Caponi C, Pizzorno L, Masotti L, Bongarzoni A, Pignataro L. Prognostic significance of free-floating right heart thromboemboli in acute pulmonary embolism: results from the Italian Pulmonary Embolism Registry. Thromb Haemost 2014;111:53 57.

154.Mansencal N, Attias D, Caille V, Desperramons J, Guiader J, El Hajjam M, Lacombe P, Abi Nasr I, Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A, Dubourg O. Computed tomography for the detection of free-floating thrombi in the right heart in acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Radiol 2011;21:240 245.

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159.Barrios D, Rosa-Salazar V, Jime´nez D, Morillo R, Muriel A, Del Toro J, LopezJime´nez L, Farge-Bancel D, Yusen R, Monreal M; RIETE investigators. Right heart thrombi in pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J 2016;48:1377 1385.

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165.Le Gal G, Righini M, Sanchez O, Roy PM, Baba-Ahmed M, Perriers A, Bounameaux H. A positive compression ultrasonography of the lower limb veins is highly predictive of pulmonary embolism on computed tomography in suspected patients. Thromb Haemost 2006;95:963 966.

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177.Righini M, Le Gal G, Aujesky D, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Verschuren F, Kossovsky M, Bressollette L, Meyer G, Perrier A, Bounameaux H. Complete venous ultrasound in outpatients with suspected pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 2009;7:406 412.

178.Aujesky D, Roy PM, Verschuren F, Righini M, Osterwalder J, Egloff M, Renaud B, Verhamme P, Stone RA, Legall C, Sanchez O, Pugh NA, N’Gako A, Cornuz J, Hugli O, Beer HJ, Perrier A, Fine MJ, Yealy DM. Outpatient versus inpatient treatment for patients with acute pulmonary embolism: an international, openlabel, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2011;378:41 48.

179.Meyer G, Vicaut E, Danays T, Agnelli G, Becattini C, Beyer-Westendorf J, Bluhmki E, Bouvaist H, Brenner B, Couturaud F, Dellas C, Empen K, Franca A, Galie N, Geibel A, Goldhaber SZ, Jimenez D, Kozak M, Kupatt C, Kucher N, Lang IM, Lankeit M, Meneveau N, Pacouret G, Palazzini M, Petris A, Pruszczyk P, Rugolotto M, Salvi A, Schellong S, Sebbane M, Sobkowicz B, Stefanovic BS,

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183.Goliszek S, Wisniewska M, Kurnicka K, Lichodziejewska B, Ciurzynski M, Kostrubiec M, Golebiowski M, Babiuch M, Paczynska M, Koc M, Palczewski P, Wyzgal A, Pruszczyk P. Patent foramen ovale increases the risk of acute ischemic stroke in patients with acute pulmonary embolism leading to right ventricular dysfunction. Thromb Res 2014;134:1052 1056.

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190.Aviram G, Sirota-Cohen C, Steinvil A, Keren G, Banai S, Sosna J, Berliner S, Rogowski O. Automated volumetric analysis of four cardiac chambers in pulmonary embolism: a novel technology for fast risk stratification. Thromb Haemost 2012;108:384 393.

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197.Lankeit M, Friesen D, Aschoff J, Dellas C, Hasenfuss G, Katus H, Konstantinides S, Giannitsis E. Highly sensitive troponin T assay in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2010;31:1836 1844.

198.Boscheri A, Wunderlich C, Langer M, Schoen S, Wiedemann B, Stolte D, Elmer G, Barthel P, Strasser RH. Correlation of heart-type fatty acid-binding protein with mortality and echocardiographic data in patients with pulmonary embolism at intermediate risk. Am Heart J 2010;160:294 300.

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200.Dellas C, Puls M, Lankeit M, Schafer K, Cuny M, Berner M, Hasenfuss G, Konstantinides S. Elevated heart-type fatty acid-binding protein levels on admission predict an adverse outcome in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2150 2157.

201.Dellas C, Lobo JL, Rivas A, Ballaz A, Portillo AK, Nieto R, Del Rey JM, Zamorano JL, Lankeit M, Jimenez D. Risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism based on clinical parameters, H-FABP and multidetector CT. Int J Cardiol 2018;265:223 228.

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203.Henzler T, Roeger S, Meyer M, Schoepf UJ, Nance JW Jr, Haghi D, Kaminski WE, Neumaier M, Schoenberg SO, Fink C. Pulmonary embolism: CT signs and cardiac biomarkers for predicting right ventricular dysfunction. Eur Respir J 2012;39:919 926.

204.Klok FA, Mos IC, Huisman MV. Brain-type natriuretic peptide levels in the prediction of adverse outcome in patients with pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178:425 430.

205.Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ. Cardiac biomarkers for risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2003;108:2191 2194.

206.Agterof MJ, Schutgens RE, Snijder RJ, Epping G, Peltenburg HG, Posthuma EF, Hardeman JA, van der GR, Koster T, Prins MH, Biesma DH. Out of hospital treatment of acute pulmonary embolism in patients with a low NT-proBNP level. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:1235 1241.

207.Lankeit M, Jimenez D, Kostrubiec M, Dellas C, Kuhnert K, Hasenfuss G, Pruszczyk P, Konstantinides S. Validation of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide cut-off values for risk stratification of pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J 2014;43:1669 1677.

208.Vanni S, Viviani G, Baioni M, Pepe G, Nazerian P, Socci F, Bartolucci M, Bartolini M, Grifoni S. Prognostic value of plasma lactate levels among patients with acute pulmonary embolism: the thrombo-embolism lactate outcome study. Ann Emerg Med 2013;61:330 338.

209.Vanni S, Jimenez D, Nazerian P, Morello F, Parisi M, Daghini E, Pratesi M, Lopez R, Bedate P, Lobo JL, Jara-Palomares L, Portillo AK, Grifoni S. Short-term clinical outcome of normotensive patients with acute PE and high plasma lactate. Thorax 2015;70:333 338.

210.Vanni S, Nazerian P, Bova C, Bondi E, Morello F, Pepe G, Paladini B, Liedl G, Cangioli E, Grifoni S, Jimenez D. Comparison of clinical scores for identification of patients with pulmonary embolism at intermediate-high risk of adverse clinical outcome: the prognostic role of plasma lactate. Intern Emerg Med 2017;12:657 665.

211.Kostrubiec M, Plywaczewska M, Jime´nez D, Lankeit M, Ciurzynski M, Konstantinides S, Pruszczyk P. The prognostic value of renal function in acute pulmonary embolism- a multi-centre cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2019;119:140 148.

212.Kostrubiec M, Labyk A, Pedowska-Wloszek J, Dzikowska-Diduch O, Wojciechowski A, Garlinska M, Ciurzynski M, Pruszczyk P. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C and eGFR indicate acute kidney injury and predict prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Heart 2012;98:1221 1228.

213.Zhou XY, Chen HL, Ni SS. Hyponatremia and short-term prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2017;227:251 256.

214.Vuilleumier N, Simona A, Mean M, Limacher A, Lescuyer P, Gerstel E, Bounameaux H, Aujesky D, Righini M. Comparison of cardiac and non-cardiac biomarkers for risk stratification in elderly patients with non-massive pulmonary embolism. PLoS One 2016;11:e0155973.

215.Wyzgal A, Koc M, Pacho S, Bielecki M, Wawrzyniak R, Kostrubiec M, Ciurzynski M, Kurnicka K, Goliszek S, Paczynska M, Palczewski P, Pruszczyk P. Plasma copeptin for short term risk stratification in acute pulmonary embolism.

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216.Hellenkamp K, Schwung J, Rossmann H, Kaeberich A, Wachter R, Hasenfuss G, Konstantinides S, Lankeit M. Risk stratification of normotensive pulmonary embolism: prognostic impact of copeptin. Eur Respir J 2015;46:1701 1710.

217.Hellenkamp K, Pruszczyk P, Jimenez D, Wyzgal A, Barrios D, Ciurzynski M, Morillo R, Hobohm L, Keller K, Kurnicka K, Kostrubiec M, Wachter R, Hasenfuss G, Konstantinides S, Lankeit M. Prognostic impact of copeptin in pulmonary embolism: a multicentre validation study. Eur Respir J 2018;51:1702037.

218.Jimenez D, Lobo JL, Fernandez-Golfin C, Portillo AK, Nieto R, Lankeit M, Konstantinides S, Prandoni P, Muriel A, Yusen RD; PROTECT Investigators. Effectiveness of prognosticating pulmonary embolism using the ESC algorithm and the Bova score. Thromb Haemost 2016;115:827 834.

219.Hobohm L, Hellenkamp K, Hasenfuss G, Munzel T, Konstantinides S, Lankeit M. Comparison of risk assessment strategies for not-high-risk pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J 2016;47:1170 1178.

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220.Fernandez C, Bova C, Sanchez O, Prandoni P, Lankeit M, Konstantinides S, Vanni S, Fernandez-Golfin C, Yusen RD, Jimenez D. Validation of a model for identification of patients at intermediate to high risk for complications associated with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Chest 2015;148:211 218.

221.Bova C, Sanchez O, Prandoni P, Lankeit M, Konstantinides S, Vanni S, Jimenez

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222.Dellas C, Tschepe M, Seeber V, Zwiener I, Kuhnert K, Schafer K, Hasenfuss G, Konstantinides S, Lankeit M. A novel H-FABP assay and a fast prognostic score for risk assessment of normotensive pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2014;111:996 1003.

223.Lankeit M, Friesen D, Schafer K, Hasenfuss G, Konstantinides S, Dellas C. A simple score for rapid risk assessment of non-high-risk pulmonary embolism. Clin Res Cardiol 2013;102:73 80.

224.Committee TPS. Single-bolus tenecteplase plus heparin compared with heparin alone for normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism who have evidence of right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial injury: rationale and design of the Pulmonary Embolism Thrombolysis (PEITHO) trial. Am Heart J 2012;163:33 38.

225.Donze J, Le Gal G, Fine MJ, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Verschuren F, Cornuz J, Meyer G, Perrier A, Righini M, Aujesky D. Prospective validation of the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index. A clinical prognostic model for pulmonary embolism.

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226.Aujesky D, Obrosky DS, Stone RA, Auble TE, Perrier A, Cornuz J, Roy PM, Fine MJ. Derivation and validation of a prognostic model for pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:1041 1046.

227.Elias A, Mallett S, Daoud-Elias M, Poggi JN, Clarke M. Prognostic models in acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010324.

228.Kohn CG, Mearns ES, Parker MW, Hernandez AV, Coleman CI. Prognostic accuracy of clinical prediction rules for early post-pulmonary embolism allcause mortality: a bivariate meta-analysis. Chest 2015;147:1043 1062.

229.Jime´nez D, Aujesky D, Moores L, Gomez V, Lobo JL, Uresandi F, Otero R, Monreal M, Muriel A, Yusen RD; RIETE Investigators. Simplification of the pulmonary embolism severity index for prognostication in patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1383 1389.

230.Righini M, Roy PM, Meyer G, Verschuren F, Aujesky D, Le Gal G. The Simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI): validation of a clinical prognostic model for pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 2011;9:2115 2117.

231.Sam A, Sanchez D, Gomez V, Wagner C, Kopecna D, Zamarro C, Moores L, Aujesky D, Yusen R, Jimenez Castro D. The shock index and the simplified PESI for identification of low-risk patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir

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