Материал: 2019 ESC acute pulmonaryembolism

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ESC Guidelines

262.Cossette B, Pelletier ME, Carrier N, Turgeon M, Leclair C, Charron P, Echenberg D, Fayad T, Farand P. Evaluation of bleeding risk in patients exposed to therapeutic unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin: a cohort study in the context of a quality improvement initiative. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:994 1002.

263.Erkens PM, Prins MH. Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolism.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;9:CD001100.

264.Stein PD, Hull RD, Matta F, Yaekoub AY, Liang J. Incidence of thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients with venous thromboembolism. Am J Med 2009;122:919 930.

265.Prandoni P, Siragusa S, Girolami B, Fabris F; BELZONI Investigators Group. The incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in medical patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin: a prospective cohort study. Blood 2005;106:3049 3054.

266.Raschke RA, Reilly BM, Guidry JR, Fontana JR, Srinivas S. The weight-based heparin dosing nomogram compared with a "standard care" nomogram. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:874 881.

267.van Es N, Coppens M, Schulman S, Middeldorp S, Bu¨ller HR. Direct oral anticoagulants compared with vitamin K antagonists for acute venous thromboembolism: evidence from phase 3 trials. Blood 2014;124:1968 1975.

268.van der Hulle T, Kooiman J, den Exter PL, Dekkers OM, Klok FA, Huisman MV. Effectiveness and safety of novel oral anticoagulants as compared with vitamin K antagonists in the treatment of acute symptomatic venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:320 328.

269.Witt DM, Clark NP, Kaatz S, Schnurr T, Ansell JE. Guidance for the practical management of warfarin therapy in the treatment of venous thromboembolism.

J Thromb Thrombolysis 2016;41:187 205.

270.Carlquist JF, Anderson JL. Using pharmacogenetics in real time to guide warfarin initiation: a clinician update. Circulation 2011;124:2554 2559.

271.Epstein RS, Moyer TP, Aubert RE, DJ OK, Xia F, Verbrugge RR, Gage BF, Teagarden JR. Warfarin genotyping reduces hospitalization rates results from the MM-WES (Medco-Mayo Warfarin Effectiveness study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2804 2812.

272.Kheiri B, Abdalla A, Haykal T, Osman M, Ahmed S, Hassan M, Bachuwa G. Meta-analysis of genotype-guided versus standard dosing of vitamin K antagonists. Am J Cardiol 2018;121:879 887.

273.Mearns ES, White CM, Kohn CG, Hawthorne J, Song JS, Meng J, Schein JR, Raut MK, Coleman CI. Quality of vitamin K antagonist control and outcomes in atrial fibrillation patients: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Thromb J 2014;12:14.

274.Garcia DA, Witt DM, Hylek E, Wittkowsky AK, Nutescu EA, Jacobson A, Moll S, Merli GJ, Crowther M, Earl L, Becker RC, Oertel L, Jaffer A, Ansell JE; Anticoagulation Forum. Delivery of optimized anticoagulant therapy: consensus statement from the Anticoagulation Forum. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:979 988.

275.Sharma P, Scotland G, Cruickshank M, Tassie E, Fraser C, Burton C, Croal B, Ramsay CR, Brazzelli M. Is self-monitoring an effective option for people receiving long-term vitamin K antagonist therapy? A systematic review and economic evaluation. BMJ Open 2015;5:e007758.

276.Goldhaber SZ, Come PC, Lee RT, Braunwald E, Parker JA, Haire WD, Feldstein ML, Miller M, Toltzis R, Smith JL, Taveira da Silva AM, Mogtader A, McDonough TJ. Alteplase versus heparin in acute pulmonary embolism: randomised trial assessing right-ventricular function and pulmonary perfusion. Lancet 1993;341:507 511.

277.Dalla-Volta S, Palla A, Santolicandro A, Giuntini C, Pengo V, Visioli O, Zonzin P, Zanuttini D, Barbaresi F, Agnelli G, Morpurgo M, Marini MG, Visani L. PAIMS 2: alteplase combined with heparin versus heparin in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. Plasminogen activator Italian multicenter study 2. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:520 526.

278.Kline JA, Nordenholz KE, Courtney DM, Kabrhel C, Jones AE, Rondina MT, Diercks DB, Klinger JR, Hernandez J. Treatment of submassive pulmonary

embolism with tenecteplase or placebo: cardiopulmonary outcomes at 3 months: multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial.

J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:459 468.

279.Becattini C, Agnelli G, Salvi A, Grifoni S, Pancaldi LG, Enea I, Balsemin F, Campanini M, Ghirarduzzi A, Casazza F. Bolus tenecteplase for right ventricle dysfunction in hemodynamically stable patients with pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2010;125:e82 e86.

280.Daniels LB, Parker JA, Patel SR, Grodstein F, Goldhaber SZ. Relation of duration of symptoms with response to thrombolytic therapy in pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:184 188.

281.Meneveau N, Seronde MF, Blonde MC, Legalery P, Didier-Petit K, Briand F, Caulfield F, Schiele F, Bernard Y, Bassand JP. Management of unsuccessful thrombolysis in acute massive pulmonary embolism. Chest 2006;129:1043 1050.

282.Marti C, John G, Konstantinides S, Combescure C, Sanchez O, Lankeit M, Meyer G, Perrier A. Systemic thrombolytic therapy for acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2015;36:605 614.

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283.Chatterjee S, Chakraborty A, Weinberg I, Kadakia M, Wilensky RL, Sardar P, Kumbhani DJ, Mukherjee D, Jaff MR, Giri J. Thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism and risk of all-cause mortality, major bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2014;311:2414 2421.

284.Sharifi M, Bay C, Skrocki L, Rahimi F, Mehdipour M; MOPETT Investigators. Moderate pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the "MOPETT" Trial). Am J Cardiol 2013;111:273 277.

285.Wang C, Zhai Z, Yang Y, Wu Q, Cheng Z, Liang L, Dai H, Huang K, Lu W, Zhang Z, Cheng X, Shen YH. Efficacy and safety of low dose recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for the treatment of acute pulmonary thromboembolism: a randomized, multicenter, controlled trial. Chest 2010;137:254 262.

286.Tebbe U, Graf A, Kamke W, Zahn R, Forycki F, Kratzsch G, Berg G. Hemodynamic effects of double bolus reteplase versus alteplase infusion in massive pulmonary embolism. Am Heart J 1999;138:39 44.

287.Tebbe U, Bramlage P, Graf A, Lechleitner P, Bode C, Riess FC, Clemens N, Al Rawi Y, Konstantinides S, Goldhaber SZ. Desmoteplase in acute massive pulmonary thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2009;101:557 562.

288.Konstantinides SV, Vicaut E, Danays T, Becattini C, Bertoletti L, BeyerWestendorf J, Bouvaist H, Couturaud F, Dellas C, Duerschmied D, Empen K, Ferrari E, Galie N, Jimenez D, Kostrubiec M, Kozak M, Kupatt C, Lang IM, Lankeit M, Meneveau N, Palazzini M, Pruszczyk P, Rugolotto M, Salvi A, Sanchez O, Schellong S, Sobkowicz B, Meyer G. Impact of thrombolytic therapy on the long-term outcome of intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:1536 1544.

289.Galie` N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, Simonneau G, Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Beghetti M, Ghofrani A, Gomez Sanchez MA, Hansmann G, Klepetko W, Lancellotti P, Matucci M, McDonagh T, Pierard LA, Trindade PT, Zompatori M, Hoeper M; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J 2016;37:67 119.

290.Tafur AJ, Shamoun FE, Patel SI, Tafur D, Donna F, Murad MH. Catheterdirected treatment of pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and metaanalysis of modern literature. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2017;23:821 829.

291.Kaymaz C, Akbal OY, Tanboga IH, Hakgor A, Yilmaz F, Ozturk S, Poci N, Turkday S, Ozdemir N, Konstantinides S. Ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis in high-risk and intermediate-high-risk pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2018;16:179 189.

292.Bajaj NS, Kalra R, Arora P, Ather S, Guichard JL, Lancaster WJ, Patel N, Raman F, Arora G, Al Solaiman F, Clark DT III, Dell’Italia LJ, Leesar MA, Davies JE, McGiffin DC, Ahmed MI. Catheter-directed treatment for acute pulmonary embolism: systematic review and single-arm meta-analyses. Int J Cardiol 2016;225:128 139.

293.Kucher N, Boekstegers P, Muller OJ, Kupatt C, Beyer-Westendorf J, Heitzer T, Tebbe U, Horstkotte J, Muller R, Blessing E, Greif M, Lange P, Hoffmann RT, Werth S, Barmeyer A, Hartel D, Grunwald H, Empen K, Baumgartner I. Randomized, controlled trial of ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2014;129:479 486.

294.Piazza G, Hohlfelder B, Jaff MR, Ouriel K, Engelhardt TC, Sterling KM, Jones NJ, Gurley JC, Bhatheja R, Kennedy RJ, Goswami N, Natarajan K, Rundback J, Sadiq IR, Liu SK, Bhalla N, Raja ML, Weinstock BS, Cynamon J, Elmasri FF, Garcia MJ, Kumar M, Ayerdi J, Soukas P, Kuo W, Liu PY, Goldhaber SZ. A prospective, single-arm, multicenter trial of ultrasound-facilitated, catheter-directed, lowdose fibrinolysis for acute massive and submassive pulmonary embolism: the SEATTLE II study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015;8:1382 1392.

295.Tapson VF, Sterling K, Jones N, Elder M, Tripathy U, Brower J, Maholic RL, Ross CB, Natarajan K, Fong P, Greenspon L, Tamaddon H, Piracha AR, Engelhardt T, Katopodis J, Marques V, Sharp ASP, Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ. A randomized trial of the optimum duration of acoustic pulse thrombolysis procedure in acute intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism: the OPTALYSE PE trial.

JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2018;11:1401 1410.

296.Kuo WT, Banerjee A, Kim PS, DeMarco FJ Jr, Levy JR, Facchini FR, Unver K, Bertini MJ, Sista AK, Hall MJ, Rosenberg JK, De Gregorio MA. Pulmonary Embolism Response to Fragmentation, Embolectomy, and Catheter Thrombolysis (PERFECT): initial results from a prospective multicenter Registry. Chest 2015;148:667 673.

297.Lee T, Itagaki S, Chiang YP, Egorova NN, Adams DH, Chikwe J. Survival and recurrence after acute pulmonary embolism treated with pulmonary embolectomy or thrombolysis in New York State, 1999 to 2013. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018;155:1084 1090.e12.

298.Wu MY, Liu YC, Tseng YH, Chang YS, Lin PJ, Wu TI. Pulmonary embolectomy in high-risk acute pulmonary embolism: the effectiveness of a comprehensive

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ESC Guidelines

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therapeutic algorithm including extracorporeal life support. Resuscitation 2013;84:1365 1370.

299.Keeling WB, Sundt T, Leacche M, Okita Y, Binongo J, Lasajanak Y, Aklog L, Lattouf OM. Outcomes after surgical pulmonary embolectomy for acute pulmonary embolus: a multi-institutional study. Ann Thorac Surg 2016;102:1498 1502.

300.Pasrija C, Kronfli A, Rouse M, Raithel M, Bittle GJ, Pousatis S, Ghoreishi M, Gammie JS, Griffith BP, Sanchez PG, Kon ZN. Outcomes after surgical pulmonary embolectomy for acute submassive and massive pulmonary embolism: a single-center experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018;155:1095 1106.e2.

301.Dudzinski DM, Piazza G. Multidisciplinary pulmonary embolism response teams. Circulation 2016;133:98 103.

302.Mismetti P, Laporte S, Pellerin O, Ennezat PV, Couturaud F, Elias A, Falvo N, Meneveau N, Quere I, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Schmidt J, Seinturier C, Sevestre MA, Beregi JP, Tardy B, Lacroix P, Presles E, Leizorovicz A, Decousus H, Barral FG, Meyer G; PREPIC2 Study Group. Effect of a retrievable inferior vena cava filter plus anticoagulation vs anticoagulation alone on risk of recurrent pulmonary embolism: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;313:1627 1635.

303.PREPIC Study Group. Eight-year follow-up of patients with permanent vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism: the PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d’Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) randomized study. Circulation 2005;112:416 422.

304.Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, Page Y, Tardy B, Girard P, Laporte S, Faivre R, Charbonnier B, Barral FG, Huet Y, Simonneau G. A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Prevention du Risque d’Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;338:409 415.

305.Bikdeli B, Chatterjee S, Desai NR, Kirtane AJ, Desai MM, Bracken MB, Spencer FA, Monreal M, Goldhaber SZ, Krumholz HM. Inferior vena cava filters to prevent pulmonary embolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:1587 1597.

306.Jia Z, Wu A, Tam M, Spain J, McKinney JM, Wang W. Caval penetration by inferior vena cava filters: a systematic literature review of clinical significance and management. Circulation 2015;132:944 952.

307.Durack JC, Westphalen AC, Kekulawela S, Bhanu SB, Avrin DE, Gordon RL, Kerlan RK. Perforation of the IVC: rule rather than exception after longer indwelling times for the Gunther Tulip and Celect retrievable filters. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012;35:299 308.

308.Angel LF, Tapson V, Galgon RE, Restrepo MI, Kaufman J. Systematic review of the use of retrievable inferior vena cava filters. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011;22:1522 1530.e3.

309.Buller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob G, Segers AE, Cariou R, Leeuwenkamp O, Lensing AW. Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:867 873.

310.Buller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob G, vdB-S, AECariou, R Leeuwenkamp, O Lensing AW. Subcutaneous fondaparinux versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1695 1702.

311.Robertson L, Jones LE. Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;2:CD001100.

312.Schulman S, Kakkar AK, Goldhaber SZ, Schellong S, Eriksson H, Mismetti P, Christiansen AV, Friedman J, Le MF, Peter N, Kearon C. Treatment of acute venous thromboembolism with dabigatran or warfarin and pooled analysis. Circulation 2014;129:764 772.

313.Buller HR, Decousus H, Grosso MA, Mercuri M, Middeldorp S, Prins MH, Raskob GE, Schellong SM, Schwocho L, Segers A, Shi M, Verhamme P, Wells P. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1406 1415.

314.Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, Mismetti P, Schellong S, Eriksson H, Baanstra D, Schnee J, Goldhaber SZ. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2342 2352.

315.Brandjes DP, Heijboer H, Buller HR, de RM, Jagt H, ten Cate JW. Acenocoumarol and heparin compared with acenocoumarol alone in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1485 1489.

316.Hull RD, Raskob GE, Rosenbloom D, Panju AA, Brill-Edwards P, Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J, Martin GJ, Green D. Heparin for 5 days as compared with 10 days in the initial treatment of proximal venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1260 1264.

317.Zondag W, Mos IC, Creemers-Schild D, Hoogerbrugge AD, Dekkers OM, Dolsma J, Eijsvogel M, Faber LM, Hofstee HM, Hovens MM, Jonkers GJ, van Kralingen KW, Kruip MJ, Vlasveld T, DE Vreede MJ, Huisman MV; Hestia Study Investigators. Outpatient treatment in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: the Hestia Study. J Thromb Haemost 2011;9:1500 1507.

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318.den Exter PL, Zondag W, Klok FA, Brouwer RE, Dolsma J, Eijsvogel M, Faber LM, van GM, Grootenboers MJ, Heller-Baan R, Hovens MM, Jonkers GJ, van Kralingen KW, Melissant CF, Peltenburg H, Post JP, Van De Ree MA, Vlasveld T, DE Vreede MJ, Huisman MV; Vesta Study Investigators.Efficacy and safety of outpatient treatment based on the Hestia clinical decision rule with or without NT-proBNP testing in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;194:998 1006.

319.Barco S, Schmidtmann I, Ageno W, Bauersachs RM, Becattini C, Bernardi E, Beyer-Westendorf J, Bonacchini L, Brachmann J, Christ M, Czihal M, Duerschmied D, Empen K, Espinola-Klein C, Ficker J, Fonseca C, Genth-Zotz S, Jimenez D, Harjola VP, Held M, Iogna Prat L, Lange TJ, Manolis A, Meyer A, Mustonen P, Rauch-Kroehner U, Ruiz-Artacho P, Schellong S, Schwaiblmair M, Stahrenberg R, Westerweel PE, Wild PS, Konstantinides SV, Lankeit M; HoT-PE Investigators. Early discharge and home treatment of patients with low-risk pulmonary embolism with the oral factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban: an international multicentre single-arm clinical trial. Eur Heart J;doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz367. Published online ahead of print 23 May 2019.

320.Kline JA, Webb WB, Jones AE, Hernandez-Nino J. Impact of a rapid rule-out protocol for pulmonary embolism on the rate of screening, missed cases, and pulmonary vascular imaging in an urban US emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2004;44:490 502.

321.Pierre-Justin G, Pierard LA. Management of mobile right heart thrombi: a prospective series. Int J Cardiol 2005;99:381 388.

322.Ferrari E, Benhamou M, Berthier F, Baudouy M. Mobile thrombi of the right heart in pulmonary embolism: delayed disappearance after thrombolytic treatment. Chest 2005;127:1051 1053.

323.Righini M, Aujesky D, Roy PM, Cornuz J, de Moerloose P, Bounameaux H, Perrier A. Clinical usefulness of D-dimer depending on clinical probability and cutoff value in outpatients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2483 2487.

324.Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography–an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2277 2284.

325.Perrier A, Miron MJ, Desmarais S, de MP, Slosman D, Didier D, Unger PF, Junod A, Patenaude JV, Bounameaux H. Using clinical evaluation and lung scan to rule out suspected pulmonary embolism: is it a valid option in patients with normal results of lower-limb venous compression ultrasonography? Arch Intern Med 2000;160:512 516.

326.Stein PD, Sostman HD, Dalen JE, Bailey DL, Bajc M, Goldhaber SZ, Goodman LR, Gottschalk A, Hull RD, Matta F, Pistolesi M, Tapson VF, Weg JG, Wells PS, Woodard PK; Consensus Group. Controversies in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2011;17:140 149.

327.Roy PM, Moumneh T, Penaloza A, Sanchez O. Outpatient management of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2017;155:92 100.

328.Otero R, Uresandi F, Jimenez D, Cabezudo MA, Oribe M, Nauffal D, Conget F, Rodriguez C, Cayuela A. Home treatment in pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2010;126:e1 e5.

329.Torbicki A. Assessing the severity of acute pulmonary embolism: back to the future? Eur Heart J 2019;40:911 913.

330.Couturaud F, Sanchez O, Pernod G, Mismetti P, Jego P, Duhamel E, Provost K, dit Sollier CB, Presles E, Castellant P, Parent F, Salaun PY, Bressollette L, Nonent M, Lorillon P, Girard P, Lacut K, Gue´gan M, Bosson JL, Laporte S, Leroyer C, De´cousus H, Meyer G, Mottier D; PADIS-PE Investigators. Six months vs extended oral anticoagulation after a first episode of pulmonary embolism: the PADIS-PE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;314:31 40.

331.Agnelli G, Prandoni P, Becattini C, Silingardi M, Taliani MR, Miccio M, Imberti D, Poggio R, Ageno W, Pogliani E, Porro F, Zonzin P. Extended oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:19 25.

332.Murin S, Romano PS, White RH. Comparison of outcomes after hospitalization for deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2002;88:407 414.

333.Carrier M, Le GG, Wells PS, Rodger MA. Systematic review: case-fatality rates of recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding events among patients treated for venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:578 589.

334.Douketis JD, Gu CS, Schulman S, Ghirarduzzi A, Pengo V, Prandoni P. The risk for fatal pulmonary embolism after discontinuing anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:766 774.

335.Campbell IA, Bentley DP, Prescott RJ, Routledge PA, Shetty HG, Williamson IJ. Anticoagulation for three versus six months in patients with deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, or both: randomised trial. BMJ 2007;334:674.

336.Kearon C, Gent M, Hirsh J, Weitz J, Kovacs MJ, Anderson DR, Turpie AG, Green D, Ginsberg JS, Wells P, MacKinnon B, Julian JA. A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1999;340:901 907; Erratum N Engl J Med 1999;341:298].

337.Schulman S, Rhedin AS, Lindmarker P, Carlsson A, Larfars G, Nicol P, Loogna E, Svensson E, Ljungberg B, Walter H. A comparison of six weeks with six

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ESC Guidelines

months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1661 1665.

338.Kearon C, Ageno W, Cannegieter SC, Cosmi B, Geersing GJ, Kyrle PA; Subcommittees on Control of Anticoagulation, and Predictive and Diagnostic Variables in Thrombotic Disease. Categorization of patients as having provoked or unprovoked venous thromboembolism: guidance from the SSC of ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2016;14:1480 1483.

339.Hutten BA, Prins MH, Gent M, Ginsberg J, Tijssen JG, Buller HR. Incidence of recurrent thromboembolic and bleeding complications among patients with venous thromboembolism in relation to both malignancy and achieved international normalized ratio: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:3078 3083.

340.Baglin T, Luddington R, Brown K, Baglin C. Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: prospective cohort study. Lancet 2003;362:523 526.

341.Iorio A, Kearon C, Filippucci E, Marcucci M, Macura A, Pengo V, Siragusa S, Palareti G. Risk of recurrence after a first episode of symptomatic venous thromboembolism provoked by a transient risk factor: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1710 1716.

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348.Helmert S, Marten S, Mizera H, Reitter A, Sahin K, Tittl L, Beyer-Westendorf J. Effectiveness and safety of apixaban therapy in daily-care patients with atrial fibrillation: results from the Dresden NOAC Registry. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2017;44:169 178.

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350.Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, Schellong S, Eriksson H, Baanstra D, Kvamme AM, Friedman J, Mismetti P, Goldhaber SZ. Extended use of dabigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013;368:709 718.

351.Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, Brenner B, Buller HR, Decousus H, Gallus AS, Lensing AW, Misselwitz F, Prins MH, Raskob GE, Segers A, Verhamme P, Wells P, Agnelli G, Bounameaux H, Cohen A, Davidson BL, Piovella F, Schellong S. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2499 2510.

352.Weitz JI, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, Bauersachs R, Beyer-Westendorf J, Bounameaux H, Brighton TA, Cohen AT, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Freitas MCS, Holberg G, Kakkar AK, Haskell L, van Bellen B, Pap AF, Berkowitz SD, Verhamme P, Wells PS, Prandoni P; EINSTEIN CHOICE Investigators. Rivaroxaban or aspirin for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2017;376:1211 1222.

353.Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, Curto M, Gallus AS, Johnson M, Porcari A, Raskob GE, Weitz JI; AMPLIFY-EXT Investigators. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013;368:699 708.

354.Pengo V, Denas G, Zoppellaro G, Jose SP, Hoxha A, Ruffatti A, Andreoli L, Tincani A, Cenci C, Prisco D, Fierro T, Gresele P, Cafolla A, De Micheli V, Ghirarduzzi A, Tosetto A, Falanga A, Martinelli I, Testa S, Barcellona D, Gerosa M, Banzato A. Rivaroxaban vs warfarin in high-risk patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2018;132:1365 1371.

355.Brighton TA, Eikelboom JW, Mann K, Mister R, Gallus A, Ockelford P, Gibbs H, Hague W, Xavier D, Diaz R, Kirby A, Simes J. Low-dose aspirin for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1979 1987.

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358.Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmstro¨m M, Carlsson A, Lindmarker P, Nicol P, Eklund SG, Nordlander S, L€arfars G, Leijd B, Linder O, Loogna E. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. The Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:393 398.

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360.Lee AY, Kamphuisen PW, Meyer G, Bauersachs R, Janas MS, Jarner MF, Khorana AA. Tinzaparin vs warfarin for treatment of acute venous thromboembolism in patients with active cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;314:677 686.

361.Deitcher SR, Kessler CM, Merli G, Rigas JR, Lyons RM, Fareed J. Secondary prevention of venous thromboembolic events in patients with active cancer: enoxaparin alone versus initial enoxaparin followed by warfarin for a 180-day period. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2006;12:389 396.

362.Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, Bowden C, Kakkar AK, Prins M, Rickles FR, Julian JA, Haley S, Kovacs MJ, Gent M. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:146 153.

363.Meyer G, Marjanovic Z, Valcke J, Lorcerie B, Gruel Y, Solal-Celigny P, Le Maignan C, Extra JM, Cottu P, Farge D. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1729 1735.

364.Hull RD, Pineo GF, Brant RF, Mah AF, Burke N, Dear R, Wong T, Cook R, Solymoss S, Poon MC, Raskob G. Long-term low-molecular-weight heparin versus usual care in proximal-vein thrombosis patients with cancer. Am J Med 2006;119:1062 1072.

365.Posch F, Konigsbrugge O, Zielinski C, Pabinger I, Ay C. Treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a network meta-analysis comparing efficacy and safety of anticoagulants. Thromb Res 2015;136:582 589.

366.Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P, Carrier M, Di Nisio M, Garcia D, Grosso MA, Kakkar AK, Kovacs MJ, Mercuri MF, Meyer G, Segers A, Shi M, Wang TF, Yeo E, Zhang G, Zwicker JI, Weitz JI, Bu¨ller HR; Hokusai VTE Cancer Investigators. Edoxaban for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2018;378:615 624.

367.Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J, Chapman O, Lokare A, Hill C, Hale D, Dunn JA, Lyman GH, Hutchinson C, MacCallum P, Kakkar A, Hobbs FDR, Petrou S, Dale J, Poole CJ, Maraveyas A, Levine M. Comparison of an oral factor Xa inhibitor with low molecular weight heparin in patients with cancer with venous thromboembolism: results of a randomized trial (SELECT-D). J Clin Oncol 2018;36:2017 2023.

368.Louzada ML, Carrier M, Lazo-Langner A, Dao V, Kovacs MJ, Ramsay TO, Rodger MA, Zhang J, Lee AY, Meyer G, Wells PS. Development of a clinical prediction rule for risk stratification of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2012;126:448 454.

369.Jara-Palomares L, Solier-Lopez A, Elias-Hernandez T, Asensio-Cruz M, BlascoEsquivias I, Marin-Barrera L, de la Borbolla-Artacho MR, Praena-Fernandez JM, Montero-Romero E, Navarro-Herrero S, Serrano-Gotarredona MP, SanchezDıaz JM, Palacios C, Otero R. Tinzaparin in cancer associated thrombosis beyond 6months: TiCAT study. Thromb Res 2017;157:90 96.

370.Francis CW, Kessler CM, Goldhaber SZ, Kovacs MJ, Monreal M, Huisman MV, Bergqvist D, Turpie AG, Ortel TL, Spyropoulos AC, Pabinger I, Kakkar AK. Treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients with dalteparin for up to 12 months: the DALTECAN study. J Thromb Haemost 2015;13: 1028 1035.

371.van Es N, Le Gal G, Otten HM, Robin P, Piccioli A, Lecumberri R, JaraPalomares L, Religa P, Rieu V, Rondina M, Beckers MM, Prandoni P, Salaun PY, Di Nisio M, Bossuyt PM, Buller HR, Carrier M. Screening for occult cancer in patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Ann Intern Med 2017;167:410 417.

372.Carrier M, Lazo-Langner A, Shivakumar S, Tagalakis V, Zarychanski R, Solymoss S, Routhier N, Douketis J, Danovitch K, Lee AY, Le GG, Wells PS, Corsi DJ,

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373.Robin P, Le Roux PY, Planquette B, Accassat S, Roy PM, Couturaud F, Ghazzar N, Prevot-Bitot N, Couturier O, Delluc A, Sanchez O, Tardy B, Le Gal G, Salaun PY; NVTEP study group. Limited screening with versus without (18)F-fluorodeoxyglu- cose PET/CT for occult malignancy in unprovoked venous thromboembolism: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2016;17:193 199.

374.Farge D, Bounameaux H, Brenner B, Cajfinger F, Debourdeau P, Khorana AA, Pabinger I, Solymoss S, Douketis J, Kakkar A. International clinical practice guidelines including guidance for direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol 2016;17:e452 e466.

375.Mandala M, Falanga A, Roila F; .ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol 2011;22:vi85 vi92.

376.den Exter PL, Hooijer J, Dekkers OM, Huisman MV. Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism and mortality in patients with cancer incidentally diagnosed with pulmonary embolism: a comparison with symptomatic patients. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:2405 2409.

377.Dentali F, Ageno W, Becattini C, Galli L, Gianni M, Riva N, Imberti D, Squizzato A, Venco A, Agnelli G. Prevalence and clinical history of incidental, asymptomatic pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2010;125:518 522.

378.Napolitano M, Saccullo G, Malato A, Sprini D, Ageno W, Imberti D, Mascheroni D, Bucherini E, Gallucci P, D’Alessio A, Prantera T, Spadaro P, Rotondo S, Di Micco P, Oriana V, Urbano O, Recchia F, Ghirarduzzi A, Lo Coco L, Mancuso S, Casuccio A, Rini GB, Siragusa S. Optimal duration of low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of cancer-related deep vein thrombosis: the Cancer-DACUS Study. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3607 3612.

379.Berg CJ, Callaghan WM, Syverson C, Henderson Z. Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1998 to 2005. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:1302 1309.

380.Heit JA, Kobbervig CE, James AH, Petterson TM, Bailey KR, Melton LJ III. Trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study. Ann Intern Med 2005;143:697 706.

381.Sultan AA, West J, Tata LJ, Fleming KM, Nelson-Piercy C, Grainge MJ. Risk of first venous thromboembolism in and around pregnancy: a population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol 2012;156:366 373.

382.Henriksson P, Westerlund E, Wallen H, Brandt L, Hovatta O, Ekbom A. Incidence of pulmonary and venous thromboembolism in pregnancies after in vitro fertilisation: cross sectional study. BMJ 2013;346:e8632.

383.Sultan AA, West J, Grainge MJ, Riley RD, Tata LJ, Stephansson O, Fleming KM, Nelson-Piercy C, Ludvigsson JF. Development and validation of risk prediction model for venous thromboembolism in postpartum women: multinational cohort study. BMJ 2016;355:i6253.

384.Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, Blomstro¨m-Lundqvist C, Cıfkova R, De Bonis M, Iung B, Johnson MR, Kintscher U, Kranke P, Lang IM, Morais J, Pieper PG, Presbitero P, Price S, Rosano GMC, Seeland U, Simoncini T, Swan L, Warnes CA; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J 2018;39:3165 3241.

385.Sheen JJ, Haramati LB, Natenzon A, Ma H, Tropper P, Bader AS, Freeman LM, Bernstein PS, Moadel RM. Performance of low-dose perfusion scintigraphy and CT pulmonary angiography for pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Chest 2018;153:152 160.

386.van Mens TE, Scheres LJ, de Jong PG, Leeflang MM, Nijkeuter M, Middeldorp S. Imaging for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;1:CD011053.

387.Hamilton EJ, Green AQ, Cook JA, Nash H. Investigating for pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: Five year retrospective review of referrals to the acute medical unit of a large teaching hospital. Acute Med 2016;15:58 62.

388.Righini M, Robert-Ebadi H, Elias A, Sanchez O, Le Moigne E, Schmidt J, Le Gall C, Cornuz J, Aujesky D, Roy PM, Chauleur C, Rutschmann OT, Poletti PA, Le Gal G; CT-PE-Pregnancy Group. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism during pregnancy: a multicenter prospective management outcome study. Ann Intern Med 2018;169:766 773.

389.Murphy N, Broadhurst DI, Khashan AS, Gilligan O, Kenny LC, O’Donoghue K. Gestation-specific D-dimer reference ranges: a cross-sectional study. BJOG 2015;122:395 400.

390.Ercan S, Ozkan S, Yucel N, Orcun A. Establishing reference intervals for D- dimer to trimesters. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015;28:983 987.

391.van der Pol LM, Tromeur C, Bistervels IM, Ni Ainle F, van Bemmel T, Bertoletti L, Couturaud F, van Dooren YPA, Elias A, Faber LM, Hofstee HMA, van der Hulle T, Kruip M, Maignan M, Mairuhu ATA, Middeldorp S, Nijkeuter M, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Schmidt J, Ten Wolde M, Klok FA, Huisman MV; Artemis Study Investigators. Pregnancy-adapted YEARS algorithm for diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2019;380:1139 1149.

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392.Mitchell DP, Rowan M, Loughman E, Ridge CA, MacMahon PJ. Contrast monitoring techniques in CT pulmonary angiography: an important and underappreciated contributor to breast dose. Eur J Radiol 2017;86:184 189.

393.Shahir K, McCrea JM, Lozano LA, Goodman LR. Reduced z-axis technique for CT pulmonary angiography in pregnancy–validation for practical use and dose reduction. Emerg Radiol 2015;22:651 656.

394.Perisinakis K, Seimenis I, Tzedakis A, Damilakis J. Perfusion scintigraphy versus 256-slice CT angiography in pregnant patients suspected of pulmonary embolism: comparison of radiation risks. J Nucl Med 2014;55:1273 1280.

395.Astani SA, Davis LC, Harkness BA, Supanich MP, Dalal I. Detection of pulmonary embolism during pregnancy: comparing radiation doses of CTPA and pulmonary scintigraphy. Nucl Med Commun 2014;35:704 711.

396.Chunilal SD, Bates SM. Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy: diagnosis, management and prevention. Thromb Haemost 2009;101:428 438.

397.Bajc M, Neilly JB, Miniati M, Schuemichen C, Meignan M, Jonson B; EANM Committee. EANM guidelines for ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy : Part 1. Pulmonary imaging with ventilation/perfusion single photon emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;36:1356 1370.

398.Nijkeuter M, Geleijns J, De Roos A, Meinders AE, Huisman MV. Diagnosing pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: rationalizing fetal radiation exposure in radiological procedures. J Thromb Haemost 2004;2:1857 1858.

399.Tromeur C, van der Pol LM, Klok FA, Couturaud F, Huisman MV. Pitfalls in the diagnostic management of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Thromb Res 2017;151:S86 S91.

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401.Schembri GP, Miller AE, Smart R. Radiation dosimetry and safety issues in the investigation of pulmonary embolism. Semin Nucl Med 2010;40:442 454.

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406.Armstrong L, Gleeson F, Mackillop L, Mutch S, Beale A. Survey of UK imaging practice for the investigation of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Clin Radiol 2017;72:696 701.

407.Bajc M, Olsson B, Gottsater A, Hindorf C, Jogi J. V/P SPECT as a diagnostic tool for pregnant women with suspected pulmonary embolism. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015;42:1325 1330.

408.Romualdi E, Dentali F, Rancan E, Squizzato A, Steidl L, Middeldorp S, Ageno W. Anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism during pregnancy: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:270 281.

409.Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141:e691S e736S.

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411.Ni Ainle F, Wong A, Appleby N, Byrne B, Regan C, Hassan T, Milner M, Sullivan AO, White B, O’Donnell J. Efficacy and safety of once daily low molecular weight heparin (tinzaparin sodium) in high risk pregnancy. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2008;19:689 692.

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416.Dempfle CE. Minor transplacental passage of fondaparinux in vivo. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1914 1915.

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418.Leffert L, Butwick A, Carvalho B, Arendt K, Bates SM, Friedman A, Horlocker T, Houle T, Landau R, Taskforce SV. The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Consensus Statement on the anesthetic management of pregnant and postpartum women receiving thromboprophylaxis or higher dose anticoagulants. Anesth Analg 2018;126:928 944.

419.Leffert LR, Dubois HM, Butwick AJ, Carvalho B, Houle TT, Landau R. Neuraxial anesthesia in obstetric patients receiving thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin: a systematic review of spinal epidural hematoma. Anesth Analg 2017;125:223 231.

420.Gogarten W, Vandermeulen E, Van Aken H, Kozek S, Llau JV, Samama CM; European Soceity of Anaesthesiology. Regional anaesthesia and antithrombotic agents: recommendations of the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010;27:999 1015.

421.Martillotti G, Boehlen F, Robert-Ebadi H, Jastrow N, Righini M, Blondon M. Treatment options for severe pulmonary embolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:1942 1950.

422.Fitzpatrick KE, Tuffnell D, Kurinczuk JJ, Knight M. Incidence, risk factors, management and outcomes of amniotic-fluid embolism: a population-based cohort and nested case-control study. BJOG 2016;123:100 109.

423.Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Pacheco LD, Saade G, Hankins GD, Clark SL. Amniotic fluid embolism: diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016;215:B16 B24.

424.Clark SL, Romero R, Dildy GA, Callaghan WM, Smiley RM, Bracey AW, Hankins GD, D’Alton ME, Foley M, Pacheco LD, Vadhera RB, Herlihy JP, Berkowitz RL, Belfort MA. Proposed diagnostic criteria for the case definition of amniotic fluid embolism in research studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016;215:408 412.

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