Share arm hoist, disk knife, irrigation ditch, belt conveyor, operating member, trailer elevating grader, internal combustion engine, air-injection engine, low-capacity machine, load-lifting attachment, slice by slice cutting, control mechanisms, operating member arrangement, conveyor control mechanisms, universal-joint shaft.
Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, обозначающая действие в самом общем виде. Например: using- использование, digging – копание.
На русский язык герундий может переводиться следующим образом:
а) существительным. Например: Elevating graders are used for slice by slice cutting soil. Грейдеры-элеваторы используются для послойной разработки грунта.
б) инфинитивом. Например: Elevating graders are also employed for digging irrigation ditches. Грейдеры-элеваторы также используют, чтобы выкапывать оросительные каналы.
в) деепричастием: The length of the conveyor can be increased by using an extension frame. Используя вставку, можно увеличить длину транспортера. (или: Длина транспортера может быть увеличена путем использования вставки).
Употребление герундия с предлогами:
Помните, что:
by + герундий – может переводиться с помощью союза «путем», «при» + существительное или деепричастием (by using –путем использования, при использовании; используя);
without + герундий – переводится деепричастием с частицей «не» или существительным с предлогом «без» (without using – не используя, без использования);
for + герундий – переводится существительным с предлогом «для» (for using – для использования);
in + герундий – переводится существительным с предлогом «при» или деепричастием настоящего времени и обозначает процесс действия (in using – при использовании, используя);
on + герундий – переводится деепричастием прошедшего времени и обозначает результат действия (on using – использовав).
1. In an elevating grader the two functions of cutting and transporting a load are quite separate.
2. The belt conveyor is attached to the frame by using chains and cables.
3. In laying a roadbed bulldozers are employed to remove bushes (кусты), stumps (пни) and small trees.
4. Modern types of loaders have a hydraulic system for raising and lowering the bucket.
5. A hoist is used for assembling machines.
6. Some types of cranes cannot be transported without splitting them into separate units.
7. The pulling force of a tractor can be used much better by making two or three scrapers into a train with a centralized control.
8. Without outriggers the lifting capacity of a crane drops sharply.
9 Special types and models of tractors have been developed for maintaining highways.
10. A tractor going down a slope is braked and stopped by using the same brakes applied to both tracks simultaneously.
ELEVATING GRADERS
Elevating graders are intended for slice by slice cutting soil and moving it away by means of a conveyor into a dump. Elevating graders can erect fills up to 1.2 - - 1.5 meters high for a roadbed constructed in a level country, dig cuts and built fills on hillsides with slopes up to 12 degrees. They are also employed for digging irrigation ditches. It is interesting to note that in an elevating grader the two functions of cutting and transporting the load are quite separate. The work is done by a knife and a belt conveyor.
Elevating graders can be classified as follows:
a) by the arrangement of the operating member – with a disk knife and a system of flat knives;
b) by the position of the conveyor – transverse, longitudinal or oblique;
d) by the mode of locomotion – trailer, semi-trailer, pendant or self-powered.
The principal parts of an elevating grader are the main frame, carrying the engine and control mechanisms, a vertical frame, a share arm with a disk knife, a conveyor, front and rear axles with wheels and a hitch.
The disk knife and the belt conveyor constitute the operating members of the machine. The share arm can be raised and lowered with the disk knife in order to change the penetration of the knife into the soil and thereby increase or decrease the thickness of the slice being cut. The belt conveyor is secured to the main frame and the vertical frame in three points by means of chains and cables. The control mechanisms can be used to raise the upper or lower part of the conveyor separately. The length of the conveyor can be increased from 6 to 8.5 meters with the aid of an extension frame. The engine actuates the driving drum of the conveyor through the transmission – the clutch, gear box and universal-joint shaft. The power developed by the engine is transmitted through the gear box to the conveyor control mechanisms and the share arm hoist. An elevating grader travels on six wheels.
1. Elevating graders can erect fills a) by means of an extension frame
up to 1.2 –1.5 meters high
2. One of the principal parts of an b) in order to change the penetration
elevating grader is the main frame of the knife into the soil
3. The share arm can be raised or c) for a roadbed constructed in a level
lowered together with the disk knife country
4. The length of the conveyor can be d) which carries the engine and control
increased mechanism
1. Elevating graders can be used for
compacting soil
digging cuts, building fills, etc.
2. In an elevating grader the two functions of cutting and transporting a load
are quite separate
are connected in one function
3. In an elevating grader the work is done by an knife and
a screw conveyor
a belt conveyor
4. The belt conveyor is secured to the main frame
in three points
in two points
5. An elevating grader travels on
four wheels
six wheels
1. Forced discharged (принудительная разгрузка) proved to be the most reliable although it involves (влечет за собой) a greater consumption of power.
2. When a scraper has to operate on heavy soil, the pull of one scraper is considered to be insufficient (недостаточна) to cut a slice and fill the bowl (ковш).
3. Elevating graders are known to be used for erecting fills for roadbeds constructed in a level country, etc.
4. The disk knife and a belt conveyor are known to constitute the operating members of the machine.
5. An elevating grader is known to travel on six wheels.
6. Rack-and-pinion jacks are considered to have a higher efficiency than screw jacks.
7. A hoist is known to be a suspension-type small-size mechanism used for assembling machines.
1. Elevating graders … for erecting fills and digging cuts.
2. The work in elevating graders … by a knife and a belt conveyor.
3. Roadbeds … in a level country and on hillsides.
4. Soil dug by elevating graders … into a dump.
5. Control mechanisms … the upper or lower part of the conveyor separately.
6. The share arm … to change the penetration of the knife into the soil.
7. Due to the ability to move easily off the road, crawler cranes … widely … for various branches of construction.
1.The power is developed … the engine.
2. The belt conveyor is secured … the frame … three points.
3. The length … the conveyor may be increased … the aid … an extension frame.
4. An elevating grader consists … the main frame, a vertical frame, a share arm, a conveyor and front and rear axles.
5. The engine actuates the driving drum … the conveyor … the transmission.
6. The power is transmitted … the gear box … the conveyor control mechanisms.
7. … an elevating grader the two functions … cutting and transporting the load are quite separate.
8. … hillsides fills may be built … slopes … 12 degrees.