Материал: Posibnik_z_angliyskoyi_movi_dlya_studentiv_1_kursu_med_fakultetu_1

Exercise 16. Translate the sentences into your native language paying attention to Participles:

1. Microorganisms invading the urinary bladder can develop cystitis.

2. Ducts carrying urine to the urinary bladder are called ureters.

3. Urine being a sterile fluid is free from bacteria, viruses and fungi.

4. A nephron eliminating wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure.

5. Being examined by the physician the patient was prescribed antibiotics.

6. Being located in the posterior part of the abdomen the kidneys receive blood from the paired renal arteries.

7. Having asked the patient about his complains the doctor could make a diagnosis of a kidney infection.

8. Having been operated successfully the patient was gradually recovering.

Exercise 17. Read and translate paying attention to the translation of Absolute Participle Construction:

1. The nephron carrying out nearly all of the kidney's functions, its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water.

2. The nephrons in the kidney being inflamed, the patient was administered antibiotics.

3. The patient suffering from pains in the lumber area, urine analyses were made.

4. The patient being admitted to the hospital, the doctor examined him in the reception ward.

5. The patient having been hospitalized, the infection in the renal pelvis was treated several weeks later.

6. The patient having survived the operation well, the danger of peritonitis was eliminated.

7. Cystitis having been proved to result from infection of the urinary bladder.

8. Hypertension complicating the nephritis, the patient was prescribed vasodilators and diuretics.

Exercise 18. Make questions to the underlined words:

1. The human organism can fight against the microorganisms.

2. The doctor has just examined this patient.

3. The administrations were changed to prevent nephritis.

4. The kidneys perform regulation of the body's salt, potassium and acid.

5. Bacteria cause inflammation of the urinary bladder.

6. The bladder is composed of serous, muscular, submucous, and mucous coats.

7. High blood pressure caused kidney damage in this patient.

8. The symptoms of acute pyelonephritis are aching pain in the lumbar region and fever.

Exercise 19. Open the brackets and translate the sentences:

1. A kidney infection already (to develop) because of urine standing still.

2. The urine (to form) in three steps: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion.

3. Significant sex difference (to exist) in the shape and length of male and female urethra.

4. A test in the structure of the kidneys (to pass) the day after tomorrow.

5. Last night she (to experience) an attack of acute pain in the lumber region.

6. The inflammation of nephrons in the kidneys (to call) nephritis.

7. The patient (to complain) of pain and burning during urination a week ago.

8. When he entered the room, they (to carry out) the experiment.

Exercise 20. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Головна робота нирок полягає в регулярному очищенні всього нашого організму.

2. Сечовипускальний канал поєдную нирки з сечовим міхуром.

3. М’язи в сечовому каналі постійно скорочуються та розслабляються, виводячи сечу з нирок.

4. Нефрони виконують майже всі функції нирок.

5. Сечовина продукується після розщеплення білків у організмі.

6. В сечі здорової людини не повинно бути бактерій, вірусів та грибків.

7. Головна функція нефронів – регулювати концентрацію рідини у тілі.

8. Сечовий міхур діє як тимчасовий резервуар для сечі.

Exercise 21. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the term “a kidney”:

1. The function of the kidneys is to secrete the urine.

2. The major regions of the kidney are the renal cortex, the renal medulla and the renal pelvis.

3. The kidneys are paired bean-shaped organs with two surfaces, two borders, and an upper and lower extremity.

4. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.

5. They are covered by the renal capsule.

6. The kidneys are situated in the posterior part of the abdomen, behind the peritoneum.

Exercise 22. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the term “the urinary system”:

1. The urinary bladder stores the urine until it is discharged from the body through the urethra.

2. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.

3. The urinary system keeps the chemicals and water in your body balanced.

4. The kidneys secrete the urine out of the body.

5. The urinary system is a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess of fluid and wastes from the bloodstream.

6. The ureters convey urine to the urinary bladder.

Exercise 23. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the term “the urinary bladder”:

1. Nerves in the bladder alert a person when it is time to urinate.

2. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract to empty it.

3. It is a membranous sac in which the urine, excreted from the kidneys, is stored.

4. The urinary system is a group of organs in the body that filters excess of fluid and wastes from the bloodstream.

5. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (срс)

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

Exercise 2. Read the following words, paying attention to the rules of reading:

[əs] fetus, nervous, numerous, coitus, uterus

[ɜː] occur, sperm, nurse, surgeon, urgent, fertility

[ʃən] menstruation, ovulation, abortion, fertilization, reproduction, implantation

[aɪ] height, fertilize, cycle, either, lining, time

[i] system, female, visible, skin, fill, implant

Exercise 3. Form and translate the new words using the given suffixes:

E.g.: infect – infection: інфекція – інфікувати.

excite – excitement: збудження – збуджувати.

- ion (-ation), -sion, -tion: implant, transport, stimulate, distribute, fertilize, collect, ovulate, menstruate.

- ment: require, achieve, treat, develop, enlarge, involve, move, impair, nourish.

Exercise 4. Read the word combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

For the purpose of producing a new life; to begin during puberty; males and females; to produce hormones; to occur between the ages of 13-15; to remain viable; to enter the cell membrane of the ovum; implantation; uterine lining; to stimulate the gonads to produce testosterone; to result in ovulation and menstruation; to occur as part of the female pubertal process; to be released into vagina; to combine to form a zygote; to travel to the uterus; to be transported in the fallopian tube.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System

The reproductive system is a collection of organs that work together for the purpose of producing a new life. The major organs of the reproductive system include the external genitalia and internal organs. The anatomy of male and female reproductive system is different. The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testicles, spermatic ducts, sex glands and penis. These organs work together to produce sperm for fertilization of egg cells while producing offspring. Unlike the female reproductive system, most of the male reproductive system is located outside of the body. The female reproductive anatomy includes vagina, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. Together with male reproductive organs, they lead to the reproduction of human life.

Reproductive physical maturity and the capacity for human reproduction begin during puberty. During puberty, the hypothalamus produces hormones, which stimulate the gonads to produce testosterone (in males) and estrogen and progesterone (in females).

Male puberty generally occurs between the ages of 13-15 and is characterized by the secretion of the male hormone testosterone, which stimulates spermatogenesis, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics (increased height and weight, broadening shoulders, voice deepening, and muscle development).

Female puberty generally occurs between the ages of 9-13, and results in ovulation and menstruation, which involve cyclic hormonal changes in estrogen and progesterone. Secondary sexual characteristics (breast enlargement, widening hips, increased height, weight and fat distribution) also occur as part of the female pubertal process.

Function of the reproductive system is reproduction. Fertilization is the first step in pregnancy. During coitus (sexual intercourse) between a male and a female, semen is released into the vagina and transported through the uterus into the fallopian tube. Fertilization can only occur if intercourse takes place before the time of ovulation that usually occurs “mid-cycle”, or about 14 days before the woman's next menstrual period. At the time of ovulation, the ovum is released from the ovary and transported in the fallopian tube where it remains for about 24-48 hours. Pregnancy is most likely to occur if fresh semen is present when ovulation occurs.

Sperm cells remain viable within the female reproductive tract for about 72 hours. During fertilization, the sperm enters the cell membrane of the ovum so the nuclei of the sperm and egg cells combine to form a zygote.

Various exceptions are possible, for example, in vitro fertilization is a process by which an egg is fertilised by sperm outside the body.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What is reproductive system?

2. What does the word puberty mean?

3. What does the hypothalamus regulate?

4. When does male puberty occur?

5. When does female puberty occur?

6. When can fertilization occur?

7. How long do sperm cells remain viable in the reproductive tract?

8. What is zygote?

Exercise 7. Match the words from the column A with those from the column B to form the word-combinations. There are possible several variants with one word. Translate them into Ukrainian:

Exercise 8. Match the terms with the definitions:

Exercise 9. Give English equivalents of the following word combinations: