Ex. 4. Look through the text, find and write down corresponding words for the following definitions: to take or carry (people or goods) from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship |
the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury |
a quantity of liquid that has flowed or been flowed over the edge of its container, especially unintentionally |
keep (something) from happening, stop (someone) from doing something |
keep (something) in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly |
the action or state of not functioning |
a device which fits snugly inside an oil or gas pipeline and is sent through it to clean or test the inside, or to act as a barrier |
an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in damage or injury |
Ex. 5. Complete the sentences according to the text.
1) Pipeline companies work with federal and provincial energy agencies ...
2) Crude-oil pipelines, when ruptured, do not explode but ...
3) Pipeline companies take active steps to ensure that ...
4) Pipeline companies work to prevent releases and spills by ...
5) Pipeline companies make special efforts to educate the public about ...
6) Pipeline companies take many measures to prevent corrosion, such as ...
7) Detection of leaks is done by computer monitoring of ...
8) With respect to time there may be two types of pipeline failure ...
9) To ensure that their facilities are designed, constructed, operated and abandoned in a safe manner, pipeline companies assess ...
Ex. 6. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
1) The safety of pipelines depends a lot on the materials transported.
2) Pipeline safety is a major concern of the government and the public because of occasional landslides or human activity.
3) Pipeline incidents happen quite rarely.
4) Internal corrosion is an electrochemical process caused by the contact of metal pipe with wet soil.
5) Smart pigs are sent through pipelines to detect possible flaws of the pipeline walls and signs of corrosion.
6) Immediate failure occurs because of sudden damage due to natural causes such as gradual deterioration of the pipeline material.
7) The primary responsibility for the safety of pipelines rests with the facility owner.
Ex.7. Answer the following questions:
1) Why are pipelines considered an extremely safe way to transport energy?
2) What does the safety of pipelines depend on?
3) What measures are taken to prevent and detect pipeline ruptures and leaks?
4) What are integrity management programs?
5) Do pipeline incidents still happen?
6) What are the leading causes of pipeline failure?
7) What measures do pipeline companies take to prevent corrosion?
8) What are smart pigs?
9) What types of pipeline failure are distinguished with respect to time?
10) Who does the primary responsibility for the safety of pipelines rest with?
11) What do pipeline companies do to ensure that their facilities are designed, constructed, operated and abandoned in a safe manner?
Ex.8. Read the passages and choose a suitable title for each of them from the options in the box. Retell the passages. Draft Reducing Agents Maintenance Pipeline Inspection Tools Corrosion Control |
osion when buried in soil, so early pipelines were coated in tar or asphalt as they were being installed. Later advances included epoxy and polyethylene coatings applied at the manufacturing plant.
Following the discovery of corrosion as an electro-chemical process, cathodic protection was introduced. Cathodic protection involves applying a weak direct current of electricity to the pipeline to prevent corrosion. The current flows into the pipe through breaks in the outer coating and protects the bare metal from water and other corrosive agents. Oil & Gas Pipelines Stolyarova I., Timashkova G.
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Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) При транспортировке нефти по трубопроводам регулярно происходят протечки; вытекающая нефть загрязняет почву и воды, очищение которых настолько затратно, что гораздо выгоднее вложить все возможные ресурсы в предотвращение аварий. Oil & Gas Pipelines Stolyarova I., Timashkova G.
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2) Для снижения вероятности аварий требования к надежности нефтепроводов постоянно повышаются.
3) Совершенствуются технологии и налаживается производство антикоррозийного покрытия трубопроводов.
4) Осваивается применение гибких трубопроводов из армированного пластика с неограниченным сроком эксплуатации.
5) Наиболее прогрессивные компании налаживают системы мониторинга состояния трубопроводов; для этого применяются самые разные технологии и стратегии – от обхода территорий людьми до контроля объектов со спутников.
6) Сегодня широкое распространение получила система отслеживания основных характеристик гидродинамических процессов в трубопроводе (давления, температуры и поведения потоков транспортируемой жидкости).
7) Полученные данные сравнивают с эталонными параметрами, что позволяет выявить возможные аномалии, связанные с протечкой.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Text 1
SCADA System for Pipelines
Read the text, fill in the gaps with the correct preposition from the box and do the tasks that follow the text. in in off at from of out by on on between through to along |
2) _________________________
To ensure the integrity and safety of their pipelines operators monitor their pipelines 24 hours per day, seven days per week from central control centres and use aircraft to visually inspect their right-of-ways looking for signs of leaks. Maintenance programs include scheduled inspections of valves and other components, regular pipeline integrity testing and regular inspections of crossings.
Pipelines are cleaned internally by bullet-shaped devices known as “pigs” because of the squealing noise they make as they travel through the pipeline. They remove wax, paraffin and water from the pipeline. Smart pigs contain instruments which measure and record various aspects of pipeline integrity.
Should a pipeline need repair, valves in the pipeline are used to isolate the section and the damaged area is either repaired or replaced. Valves are located at regular intervals along the pipeline so that only small sections and not the entire line need to be purged.
3) _________________________
Although ‘pigs’ have been used since early in the history of pipelines to keep internal walls clear of wax and other foreign material; ‘smart pigs’ with recording instruments were introduced in the 1960s. Smart pigs use ultrasonic waves or magnetic resonance to detect and record pits, fatigue cracks and other thickness variations in the pipeline walls before problems occur. Ongoing advances in smart pig technology provide for detection on a smaller and smaller scale. Most smart pigs now have GPS capabilities, improving the ability to locate such potential problems.
4) _________________________
When fluids flow through a pipeline, friction with the pipe causes turbulent flow near the pipe wall. Draft reducing agents (DRAs) composed of long-chain polymers were developed in the 1940s to reduce this turbulence. They are injected into the fluid stream at pump stations. Continuous research and development has increased the efficiency of DRAs such that the amounts used are on the order of 10 to 20 parts per million.
Ex. 9. Read the text and choose a suitable word from the box to complete the text. Do the tasks that follow the text:
Better Safety Through Technology monitoring, maintenance, technology, advanced, corrosion, devices, pipeline, improvements |